tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57871862132734311042024-02-07T21:31:23.582+08:00PTCA - Programme For Theology And Cultures In AsiaPTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-77860820865819411232020-01-08T17:30:00.000+08:002012-08-31T00:15:02.826+08:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6S4bEfLrSxsB1R1fBZ4TnltTTMJKVXv6dYu_F1Ys35nJ7kuQ7vnnJ0eIy1irSK3bZ9glmt_GWSXPgXVsUHvaULsX-KPMpQ_XeGQ5OqSl6JhT-w38Wo8Wr7lj0oxEZC1OsEnBRcQOErGXY/s1600/serampore+logo.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5559745375153109378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6S4bEfLrSxsB1R1fBZ4TnltTTMJKVXv6dYu_F1Ys35nJ7kuQ7vnnJ0eIy1irSK3bZ9glmt_GWSXPgXVsUHvaULsX-KPMpQ_XeGQ5OqSl6JhT-w38Wo8Wr7lj0oxEZC1OsEnBRcQOErGXY/s200/serampore+logo.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 200px; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 200px;" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><br />
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-77535631363064759912014-07-24T00:16:00.001+08:002014-07-24T00:16:43.814+08:00Presenting PTCA series no. 7 to CCA General Secretary<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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On behalf of PTCA I am presenting my new book which is published as PTCA series no. 7 to Dr. Henriette H. Lebang, the General Secretary of CCA, in the Jakarta Workshop Meeting for CCA's Theme for its next assembly which is to be held in next year (2015)</div>
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My presentation on the topic: Revisit Interfaith Relations in the Context of God's Oikos</div>
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<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-41957045165222305902014-06-20T07:23:00.001+08:002014-06-20T07:24:43.512+08:00PTCA Book Series No. 7<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #38761d;">Embracing The Household of God</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Paradigm Shift From Anthropocentric Tradition to Creation Responsibility in Doing Theology</span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-80803498557110673292014-04-09T22:31:00.001+08:002014-04-09T22:31:07.445+08:00PTCA Study Series No. 6<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh87RDhyphenhyphenZm8J0QDjwKkyGeWNH4CT-77iKLo2419GoYOnB649K-9NFyJkLsriOL0ZMKAqZMMAjDSvgk7jAptBP6Emzn9rgD56IQTRXGjNhEbvXlJKepf4814mzha89c0pXj2XTHISWtbjkmc/s1600/Jpeg+Cover1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh87RDhyphenhyphenZm8J0QDjwKkyGeWNH4CT-77iKLo2419GoYOnB649K-9NFyJkLsriOL0ZMKAqZMMAjDSvgk7jAptBP6Emzn9rgD56IQTRXGjNhEbvXlJKepf4814mzha89c0pXj2XTHISWtbjkmc/s1600/Jpeg+Cover1.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-22542548044851277112013-08-09T07:23:00.001+08:002013-08-09T07:23:18.193+08:00Establishing Partner Relation with M.M. Thomas Center for Theological Inquiry<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKZcUD0xSTCE8je0ytsvrSQsnfYbC9yxdsQB2WcxWxnV9te3D66hA8UgBVvTzKicLaMdhR6rWB3DsH2K3PRmQdqKtu5L_6zQuTbFrFXeXkkGK2_Wb5n6d77q7dJKNgEqd_RfnZAvCTQ4s/s1600/DSCN1954%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKZcUD0xSTCE8je0ytsvrSQsnfYbC9yxdsQB2WcxWxnV9te3D66hA8UgBVvTzKicLaMdhR6rWB3DsH2K3PRmQdqKtu5L_6zQuTbFrFXeXkkGK2_Wb5n6d77q7dJKNgEqd_RfnZAvCTQ4s/s320/DSCN1954%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Signing the Text of MOU <br />with Dr. M. P. Joseph of M. M. Thomas Center for Theological Inquiry, India<br />at Myanmar Institute of Theology, Myanmar August 8, 2013</td></tr>
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<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-76461544327681223552013-08-09T07:13:00.003+08:002013-08-09T07:13:36.412+08:00Signing PTCA Partner Institute MOU with Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLRGFPxZas-tsI4HX3Nxrj5gueiG_40ZSgqsF8lcOw6g-EQ5r6WF5XHzJuknp0UjCebo-PGXqOWf7PYGY-c7AlJcvsGzB0erRRu2VmwjvYLSVm451eUbeatD1T9-IIry8m7UU_4H8V6mE/s1600/DSCN1952%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibLRGFPxZas-tsI4HX3Nxrj5gueiG_40ZSgqsF8lcOw6g-EQ5r6WF5XHzJuknp0UjCebo-PGXqOWf7PYGY-c7AlJcvsGzB0erRRu2VmwjvYLSVm451eUbeatD1T9-IIry8m7UU_4H8V6mE/s320/DSCN1952%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Exchange the text of MOU with President Samuel Ngunling of MIT<br />August 8, 2013 at MIT Myanmar </td></tr>
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<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-63545121485909709442013-05-19T18:11:00.003+08:002013-05-19T18:11:30.180+08:00Asian Handbook on Theological Education and Ecumenism was released by the General Secretary of WC<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font: 14px arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Asian Handbook on Theological Education and Ecumenism was released by the General Secretary of WCC on 17th May at Jakarta Theological Seminary during Public Lecture delivered by the Gen. Secy of WCC.</span><br />
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-66666949655631115312013-05-07T22:31:00.003+08:002013-05-07T22:32:58.904+08:00PTCA Series No. 5 Book Release<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<strong>MESSAGE OF RELIGION</strong></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-33798719405844914762013-04-19T08:52:00.001+08:002013-04-19T08:52:27.734+08:00Publications News<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="background-color: white; color: #274e13; font-size: large;">A) Asian Handbook for Theological Education and Ecuemnism </span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: #274e13; font-size: large;"><strong>B) Handbook of Theological Education in Africa</strong></span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-50465688844720258062013-04-08T15:23:00.002+08:002013-04-08T15:42:51.278+08:00BOOK REVIEWS OF PTCA SERIESby John England<br />
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Four recent books which will be of wide-spread interest to theological scholars and educators, have recently been published by the Programme for Theology & Cultures in Asia (PTCA). Readers may remember the earlier series of PTCA volumes, including the 'Missiology Book of the Year' 1993, Doing Theology with Asian Resources. <br />
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<strong>Theology of Subjects - Towards a New Minjung Theology. PTCA Series No.1, by Kwon Jin Kwan. Tainan: Programme for Theology & Cultures in Asia, 2011. viii, 235 pp</strong>. <br />
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The development and impact of minjung Theology in Korean society since 1990 is here re-examined, in the context of continuing minjung suffering, and the injustices and severe insecurities resulting from 'global neo-liberal market capitalism'.<br />
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In three sections the book outlines (Part One), a New Minjung Theology based on 'Social Movement'. Kwon suggests that minjung theology can be seen as an overarching theological movement incorporating different theological movements which all contribute to increase the subject-hood of minjung in history and society.<br />
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(Part Two) Presents 'Encountering Minjung' – which is symbol of Jesus – vis-a-vis neoliberalism. Minjung is presented as 'multitude', the 'Inmin' (or 'proletariat') and the 'subaltern'. The author considers these terms express the most important experiences of minjung: the diversity of many groups and classes; people who agree with the state or political leader; and the 'double marginality and powerlessness of the minjung. A chapter on 'peace without scape-goating' concludes this Part. <br />
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(Part Three) 'The Holy Spirit and suffering Minjung as the Subjects of History'. Here the Spirit is first of all a Spirit of truth and justice, who makes of oppressed people 'historical agents with their own just agenda'. Because the Spirit is the source of creativity in every historical situation, minjung can become builders of of a new society, a new world.<br />
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This volume provides a very useful update on recent minjung theology, especially as it includes some detail of the present socio-economic-political contexts in Korea for minjung struggle and identity. Kwon includes also some discussion of current North Korean realities, along with the imbalances in international policies regarding nuclear weapons. Chapter 5, on The Minjung as 'Historical Symbol of Jesus', is particularly helpful, dealing with minjung from 'socio-scientific, political, Biblical and theological perspectives. Kwon concludes here by claiming that minjung 'participate in the destiny of Jesus, who is both 'suffering Messiah' and 'God's wisdom'. There are notes throughout, an Introduction and a Select Bibliography. <br />
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<strong>Theological Education in World Christianity - Ecumenical Perspectives and Future Priorities. PTCA Series No. 2, by Dietrich Werner .Tainan: PTCA, 2011. xiii, 285 pp.</strong><br />
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Selected lectures, presentations and reports from the International Programme of Ecumenical Theological Education (ETE) are here brought together as a documentary survey and resource book on major themes in international ecumenical debate.<br />
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The three parts of this volume provide (I) Theological Perspectives on Theological Education: including Contextuality, Ecumenicity, Global Solidarity and Standards of Quality. Part II considers Contextual Facets: including the Future of African Theological Education; a New Asian Ecumenism and Theological Education; Theological Education in European and in Orthodox Contexts; and the Marginalization of Theology. Part III, Common Ecumenical Priorities, covers Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century, with findings from the Edinburgh 2010 and Birmingham Processes, and concludes with 'The Unfinished Agenda for Ecumenical Theological Education and the Future of World Christianity'.<br />
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Particular emphasis is placed throughout upon theological education in the global south; upon shared ecumenical priorities; and upon practical steps that can be taken in order to strengthen 'contextualization, inter-contextuality, ecumenicity' and self-support. Amongst many papers that will be of value to readers, chapters of particular interest to colleagues in our region will be 'A New Asian Ecumenism' and 'Revitalizing Collaboration in Ecumenical Theological Education in Asian Christianity', both in Part II. In the latter, Werner pictures theological education that has gone beyond denominational self-centredness, elitism, self-isolation in multi-faith contexts, and 'miscommunication with living churches'. (These and other moves appear as part of the 'Unfinished Agenda' in the final chapter). For these ends theological education must clearly move out of many structures of thought and method that confine it in both the teaching and living of contextual and ecumenical theology. Here it would have been helpful if the author had included examples of some of the creative ways in which some of our seminaries and centres in the Asian region are already accomplishing these changes. <br />
<br />
It is possible to see that a smaller, more focused collection of papers would have improved the volume's impact, but there are valuable broad perspectives gathered here from many parts of the globe. And principles are articulated for ecumenical theological education which would support and/or largely renew our programmes wherever we may be. <br />
<br />
An Introduction, Select Bibliography and full listing of world Associations of Theological Schools and Theological Educators, are included.<br />
<br />
<strong>Training to be Ministers in Asia - Contextualizing Theological Education in Multi-faith Contexts. PTCA Series No. 3, ed. by Dietrich Werner. Tainan: PTCA, 2012. xxx, 326 pp.</strong><br />
<br />
This volume amplifies sections of the previous volume, giving detailed attention to surveys for each Asian country. 18 countries are listed, including some which are seldom covered in other studies; for example in the case of Bhutan, Nepal, Laos, Cambodia and Mongolia. In each case survey articles have been written by local theological educators, many of whom are widely known in the region. The history and development of theological education in most countries are given and the focus is firmly upon the problems faced there.<br />
<br />
Not all papers were written specifically for this volume so some unevenness of approach is to be expected. Specifically ecumenical dimensions of theological education are not always present but do receive treatment in the papers for Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Nepal, Northeast India, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. For some countries reference even to theological education itself is extremely brief, and for one country ecumenical education in secondary schools is the primary concern. There seem to be only two chapters which contain specific references to the context, training or role of women in theological education. (The absence of Korea and India, apart from the Northeast, is to be noted – along with countries of Austral-Asia, which are part of the CCA's region).<br />
<br />
Issues for theological educators that appear throughout the volume include: increasing study of socio-cultural and political contexts; the very different historical development of theological education in different countries; the great diversity of institutions offering theological (or even 'pseudo-theological'!) education. Other issues covered include the place of music in the seminary; the development of theologies and methodologies for theological education; and for many schools, the severe limitation of financial resources.<br />
<br />
This is a very valuable survey for the region however, and provides much information and reflection which is not easily otherwise obtained. There has not to my knowledge been published hitherto such a wide-ranging and localised survey for theological education in our region. An Editorial and Postlude are included, along with a listing of Asian Associations of Theological Schools and Educators.<br />
<br />
<strong>Returning to Mother Earth Theology, Christian Witness and Theological Education, an Indigenous Perspective. PTCA Series No. 4, by Wati Longchar. Tainan: PTCA & Kolkata: SCEPTRE, 2012. x, 315 pp. </strong><br />
<br />
This book is selected among Fifteen Outstanding Books of the year 2012 on Mission studies by International Bulletin of Missionary Research. <br />
<br />
This volume places ecumenical theological and ministerial education firmly within 'the cultural setting of indigenous people. This involves a move from traditional anthropocentric, Euro-centric and hierarchical theologies to a 'creation-centered theology', this being crucial in order to 'protect [both] the earth and marginalized communities'.<br />
<br />
In three sections, the author addresses Indigenous Spirituality and Christian Theology, Christian Witness and Mission, and Contextual issues in Theological Education.<br />
<br />
For the first, indigenous experience and perspectives are presented on land-ownership struggles, ecological crises, and creation-centered spirituality and theology. This last is seen to require new understandings and expressions for 'God', 'the Holy Spirit', 'salvation', 'history and time', 'humanity', 'non-human creatures', 'the use of natural resources', and 'church and mission',<br />
<br />
Part II re-examines mission practice – which must now emphasise the wholeness, diversity, and solidarity of humanity. It then explores 'Mission Beyond Edinburgh 2010'; the destructive results of global economic exploitation; 'collective resistance as Prophetic Witness and celebration of life; and relocation of the “Called to be One” for 'those in the margins'.<br />
<br />
The third section advocates, within the development of theological education and ecumenical initiatives in Asia, special emphasis to be placed upon inter-faith issues, the impacts of commercial tourism, and the needs of those disabled or suffering from HIV and AIDS. Chapters in this volume on indigenous spirituality, an indigenous theological framework, and on creation as a central concept for these, are particularly valuable for other levels of theological work, not only in India but throughout the region. In this volume Longchar adds further constructive thought to his many articles and to two of his previous books: The Tribal Religious Traditions in North East India: an introduction (2000); and An Emerging Tribal/Indigenous Theology: Prospect for Doing Asian Theology (2002). <br />
<br />
Most recently Longchar has collaborated with Hrangthan Chhungi, and M.M.Ekka, to edit Doing Indigenous Theology in Asia – Towards New Frontiers. (also from The SCEPTRE; NCCI; and GTC, 2012), which is notable for its inclusion of Adivasi, and Dalit, Myanmar and Northeast Indian, Liberation and Feminist inter-dialogue and critique.<br />
<br />
[N.B. The book is obtainable from PTCA, Chang Jung University, No. 1 Changda Rd, Guiren dist., Tainan, 71101, Taiwan; and from SCEPTRE, Shrachi Centre, 74B A.J.C.Bose Rd, Kolkata 700016, India. Contact: Wati Longchar (<a href="mailto:wlongchar@gmail.com">wlongchar@gmail.com</a>]PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-28799331030636533192013-04-07T19:03:00.002+08:002013-04-07T19:04:55.300+08:00PTCA Book series been selected outstanding books of 2012<div class="hdgibmr1" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: maroon; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Congratulation to Dr. Wati</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> for his book on “Returning to Mother Earth: Theology, Christian Witness, and Theological Education; An Indigenous Perspective.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">”Has been selected as one of the<span style="color: black;">“</span><span style="color: maroon;">Fifteen Outstanding Books of 2012 for Mission Studies</span>”</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">by the <b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">International Bulletin </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">of Missionary Research</span></b> </span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-12556461598879292282013-04-05T22:08:00.002+08:002013-04-06T09:10:27.602+08:00New Book Release, published by PTCA<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><strong>Asian Handbook For Theological Education and Ecumenism</strong></span><br />
Published by PTCA<br />
size of book: 715 pages total<br />
price: USD$30+postage<br />
Please contact: Dr. Wati Longchar <br />
through: <a href="mailto:wlongchar@gmail.com">wlongchar@gmail.com</a></td></tr>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-29277451797375592122012-12-11T21:18:00.000+08:002012-12-11T21:19:47.177+08:00Listener's Report (Theological Critique on Commercial Tourism)<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>Listener's Report (Theological Critique on Commercial Tourism)</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>By Dr. Miriam Chang, CJCU</strong></div>
<br />
The International Seminar on Tourism Development and Marginal Communities Jointly Organized by PTCA, NCCI, Chang Jung Christian University and SCEPTRE was held on Date 6-8 December, 2012, at SCEPTRE, Kolkata, India.<br />
<br />
<strong>The theme of this seminar is:</strong> Commercial Tourism and Marginal Communities: Missiological and Theological Challenges.<br />
<br />
In 5th Dec.<br />
Dr. Solomon Rongpi moderated the first day seminar.<br />
Bishop Ashoke Biswas delivered the opening and inangural address.<br />
Dr. Huang Poho introduce the mission of PTCA and released Dr. Wati Longcha’s book ‘RETURNING TO MOTHER EARTH’,THEOLOGY,CHRISTIAN WITNESS AND RHEOLOGICAL EDUCATION. An Indigenous Perspective, which is the 4th book in PTCA serial publication.<br />
<a name='more'></a>There were three keynote addresses: <br />
<br />
“Commercial Tourism and Marginal Communities: Missiological and Theological Challenges” delivered by Dr. George Zakariah, who did critical reflection and analysis to develop missiological and theological perspectives to inspire our faith community to engage in just and alternative tournism. Alternative Justice Tourism is a call to repentance, both the guests and the hosts reject the neo-liberal exploitative trajectory of tourism and develop tourism and pilgrimage that protect the environment, improve the economic needs of the host communities, bring about justice and peace.<br />
<br />
Neo-liberal globalization and tourism industries: A Theological Critique<br />
<br />
--Dr. Huang Poho<br />
To critically examining the tourism industry its structure and practice under the Christian value of justice that proposed by the biblical understanding of the Kingdom of God. By doing this, Churches and individual Christians have to take the position of the underside weaker parties of the society, the minority aboriginals, the displaced and marginalized women and children for their missional concern. <br />
<br />
Commercial Tourism and its Impact on Subsistence Communities<br />
<br />
--Dr. Wati Longchar<br />
Tourism has emerged as one important modern economic activity touching all dimensions of life. There are a few practical suggestions: (a) Develop a curriculum for ministerial candidate. (b) Integration of tourism issue in other disciplines. (c) Scholarship programme. (d) Ministerial exposure under the supervision of alternative tourist operators.<br />
<br />
The panel discussions entitled “Commercial Tourism and Commodification of Culture and Religion” were presented by Chung Hsing (Miriam) Chang & Emma Yen (CJCU), Ms. Anna Barla (NCCI) and Thomas Birla (SCEPTRE).<br />
<br />
Miriam and Emma presented the Taiwan aboriginal culture tourism development. There are three parties: aboriginal people, tourist and government or company. Each party in this triangle should make efforts to treat the other two as “I and Thou” instead of “I and It”. Anna presented Adivasi the most marginalized people in India. She claimed government should not treat Adivasi homeland like a zoo or a circus. They should be respected by their culture and life style.<br />
<br />
7th December<br />
In the morning devotion and prayer, Johanna Lin and the team members from CJCU read Bible John 3:31-35, inspired we should be the witness of the true God in tourism development.<br />
<br />
Dr. M. T. Cherian moderated the 2nd day siminar.<br />
<br />
Ms. Moumita Biswas delivered the speech and paper about “Tourism Developing and impact on Women and Children in Asia”. She used feminist methodology of analytical storytelling to share “herstories” the negative impacts including commoditization of woman, eroticization of labor, sex tourism, temple prostitution ,indigenous culture weakening, diseases and HIV/AIDS in Asia. She claimed restoring dignity and healing body of woman and mother nature.<br />
<br />
Dr. Wati arrange a museum tour and city tour of Kolkata for the participants.<br />
<br />
8th December<br />
Morning Devotion was held by Mr. Deiiomiki Ivan Jones. He read Luke 10:38-42, and brought the message that “the only one thing” between host and guest is love and spiritual communication.<br />
<br />
Panel Presentation was entitled as "Christian Ministry in the context of blooming Tourism Industries."<br />
<br />
Jonah Lin (CJCU) presented two types of Christian mission in the local church in Taiwan: a life community, Lin-chi-net Presbyterian church and a culture and folk activities in Wenchin Basilica.<br />
<br />
Rev. Christopher Vijayan (NCCI)<br />
Church can play a vital role in the promotion of tourism. We have to think what kinds missional action church can take to establish kingdom values in the tourism market in the midst of global challenges.<br />
<br />
Rev. Sandeep Theophil (NCCI) presented the emerging issues in the commercial tournism from the coastline of Karnataka.<br />
<br />
Mary Chang: Christian ministry as called for holistic ministry need to lase its lens to the commercial tournism with love, compassion with teachings on justice, peace and equality for a just, inclusive and reformative tourism.<br />
<br />
In the discussion, we realized that theological analysis and field study should interact and complement each other to make tourism community oriented, sustainable, ecological and justice.<br />
<br />
Miriam’s personal reflection:<br />
I am in a small population of the world having money and time to travel.<br />
As a tourist, I am extending the boundary of a human being.<br />
I am sharing the God’s vision and power:<br />
“Ride on the wings of the wind<br />
Make the clouds your chariot” (Psalm 104:3)<br />
I am experiencing the immeasurement of space and even reversibility of time. <br />
It is a privilege and also an invitation from God, <br />
Asking us to be co-workers with him <br />
To repair and to re-create the relationships among all the creatures <br />
on the wounded earth.<br />
As a tourist, humble is the passport in the Kingdom of God.<br />
<br />
2012.12.08 in Kolkata, India<br />
<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-39826323763750969832012-12-10T21:31:00.000+08:002012-12-10T21:31:10.521+08:00Another Tourism is Possible<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Another Tourism is Possible:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A Theological Critique of Commercial Tourism and <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Re-imagining Tourism as Mission of Incarnation</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p>Dr. George Zachariah</o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p>Porf. Taminalu Theological Seminary, India</o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theological seminar on Commercial Tourism</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"> We are gathered here as an intentional community, inspired by Christian faith to unmask the interconnection between commercial tourism and its impact on marginal communities, and to uncover the environmental impact of commercial tourism. We do this critical reflection and analysis to develop missiological and theological perspectives to inspire our faith communities to engage in just and alternative tourism. As we have seen in the stories from Sri Lanka, commercial tourism is the invasion of neo-liberal globalization into our communities and our lifeworld. It commodifies human beings, nature, and cultures, to maximize wealth. It also dehumanizes the tourists by converting their vacation, pilgrimage and leisure into unjust and destructive activities that are dangerous to the future of life on earth. This presentation is an attempt to develop a theological and ethical critique of commercial tourism and to explore alternate practices of tourism informed by the perspectives of tourism-affected communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Commercial Tourism: The Story of Disaster Capitalism<o:p></o:p></span></b><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">Seven years ago, the day after Christmas day, the coastal communities in South and South East Asia cried aloud when giant waves in the form of Tsunami invaded their shores. Death literally hunted down the households in the coast line resulting in the untimely death of hundreds of thousands of innocent people. Millions were displaced from their livelihood. The scars of the Tsunami are yet to be healed. The dominant narratives explained the Tsunami as a natural calamity, and blamed overpopulation as the reason for the magnitude of the disaster. The groaning that refuses to fade down is in fact a counter narrative: A counter narrative that exposes the structural sin and injustice that cause eco-crisis and genocide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The coastal regions of the countries affected by the 2004 Tsunami have been undergoing tremendous changes in recent years. In the era of globalization, as there is no salvation outside the market, it is imperative to enter the bandwagon of progress and development by linking local economies with transnational capital. Globalization has invaded the coastal regions of these countries in the form of commercial tourism. Tourist resorts and hotels conquered the coast line destroying the tropical mangrove forests, one of the world’s most important ecosystems. Mangrove swamps have been nature’s protection for the coastal regions from the large waves. They also serve as the habitat for three-fourths of the commercial fish species that spend part of their lifecycle in the mangrove swamps. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The coastal regions, the habitats of the traditional fisher people, have been converted into tourist resorts to attract tourists and thereby foreign exchange. Many of the tourist resorts that mushroomed in the coastal areas came into being by uprooting hundreds of villages of the fisher people, who used to live in a harmonious relationship with the ocean. Thousands of hectares of mangrove forests and other bushes were cleared to make the resorts beautiful for the tourists. Traditional communities have been displaced from their land and livelihood to welcome the transnational corporations to take over and abuse their land, water, and environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The groaning from the tsunami affected communities exposes this correlation between the ecological disaster and globalization. This narrative is based on the very fact that the tsunami could not destroy coastal villages covered with mangroves. In other words, the tsunami was more than a natural calamity. It was the consequence of the commodification and plunder of the ecosystem for profit. Disasters are not only caused by corporate interests but they also provide the corporations new opportunities to continue their pillage in the name of humanitarian interventions and reconstruction. Naomi Klein calls this phenomenon “the disaster capitalism.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">The grand plan to redeem the war-torn Sri Lanka predated the tsunami by two years. The priests of this redemptive mission to plot the entry of Sri Lanka into the world economy were USAID, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. The experts identified tourism as the panacea for Sri Lanka’s accumulated ills. “Under the plan, Sri Lanka’s jungles…would be opened up to adventure eco-tourists…Its religions…would be retrofitted to nourish the spiritual needs of Western visitors—Buddhists monks could run meditation centers, Hindu women could perform colorful dances at hotels, Ayurvedic medical clinics could soothe aches and pains.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>Sri Lanka thus became the high-end tourist destination by combining luxury, wilderness, adventure, pilgrimage, and ecological tranquility into a single package. But in order to facilitate this redemptive plan, the government had to prepare the way: The government changed the prevailing legal barriers to private land ownership. It also changed the labor laws according to the interests of the investors. The government further initiated the modernization of the infrastructure—highways, airports, water and electricity. Global financial institutions were generous enough through their loans to help the government to prepare the way of redemption. Finally that dawn has come when “the poorest among them were being asked to give up the little plots of land and property they had—a vegetable garden, a simple house, a boat—so that a Marriott or a Hilton could build a golf course and villagers could pursue careers as street hawkers in Colombo.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;">This is the time when the giant waves visited the small island. For President Chandrika Kumaratunga, the tsunami was a kind of “religious epiphany,” which helped her to see the “free-market light.” “We are a country blessed with so many natural resources, and we have not made use of them fully…. So nature itself must have thought ‘enough is enough’ and whacked us from all sides and taught us a lesson to be together.”The tsunami was a divine punishment for failing to sell off Sri Lanka’s beaches and forests! Standing at the ravaged beaches of Sri Lanka, Naomi Klein observed: “And yet, underneath the rubble and the carnage was what the tourism industry had been angling for all along—a pristine beach, scrubbed clean of all the messy signs of people working, a vacation Eden. It was the same up and down the coast: once the rubble was cleaned away, what was left was…Paradise.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">According to Herman Kumara of the National Fisheries Solidarity Movement in Sri Lanka, it was “a second tsunami of corporate globalization and militarization, potentially even more devastating than the first. We see this as a plan of action amidst the tsunami crisis to hand over the sea and the coast to foreign corporations and tourism, with military assistance from the US marines.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> As Naomi Klein observes, “The two economic poles of globalization, the ones that seem to live in different centuries, not countries, were suddenly put in direct conflict over the same pieces of coastline, one demanding the right to work, the other demanding the right to play. Backed up by the guns of local police and private security, it was militarized gentrification, class war on the beach.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The post-tsunami redemption package was christened as reconstruction, and the community felt it as “victimizing the victims, and exploiting the exploited.” So the victims were angry and they protested against the salvific mission of reconstruction. Narrating a protest march that she witnessed in Arugam Bay, Naomi Klein writes: “As they marched past the hotels, a young man in a white T-shirt with a red megaphone led the demonstrators in a call-and-response. ‘We don’t want, we don’t want…’ he called out, and the crowd shouted back, ‘Tourist hotels!’ Then he shouted, ‘Whites…’ and they cried, ‘Get out!’ Another young man, skin toughened by the sun and the ocean, took over megaphone duties and yelled, ‘We do want, we do want…’ and the answers came flying: ‘Our land back!’ ‘Our homes back!’ ‘A fishing port!’ ‘Our aid money!’ ‘Famine, famine!’ he shouted, and the crowd replied, ‘Fisher people are facing famine!’”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Commercial Tourism: A Critique of Neo-liberal Globalization and Development<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">“A prescription for development” is the title of the following poem, written by Cecil Rajendra. According to him, his poems mushroom in the froth and ferment of his struggle for survival. This poem articulates sarcastically the story of the colonization of the lifeworld that is taking place in postcolonial nations:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Our National General Assembly was in deep mortification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">An insensitive journalist (from some northern region) had branded our country<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">a model of Underdevelopment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">How to gain recognition as a developed nation pondered our President.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The answer?—Commission<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">a group of technocrats to study, possibly remedy this intolerable situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Months and seminars later they outlined their prescription:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">What you have here, sir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">are too many green hills—a surfeit of lush vegetation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Trees are fine but unproductive and hills are an impediment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">There are too many cane fields and too many plantations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">We do not know what development is, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">but an agricultural economy is the badge of underdevelopment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Your beaches are beautiful, sir but lack utilization;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">there are no tourists, hotels or any high-rise apartments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Your streets are traffic-free and your towns too quiet;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">your people seem stress-free and a trifle too contented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">They eat fruits and vegetable and drink natural water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">which we’re shocked to discover is indecently clean and pure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">So what we recommend, sir—for your race to development—<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">is first massive deforestation followed by massive importation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">You need juggernauts, bulldozers and belching factories<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">condos and fast-food chains and hordes of snooping tourists<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">You must import mineral water and a medium-sized nuclear reactor;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and a score of foreign psychiatrists to service your expat industrialists. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">We beg your pardon, but pollution is the hallmark of development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To qualify as an advanced country you have to boast a proper degree <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of noise/smog/dumps and derangement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">With no hesitation, our President embraced their recommendation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">in ear-miffs he now sits in a haze-shrouded apartment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">High above, but not quite beyond the city’s teeming shout and bustle;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">with a glass of Perrier water he pops tranquillizers by the bottle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">He has a direct open line to his Swiss psychiatrist;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">keeps an emergency canister of oxygen taped to his wrist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">But grinning from ear to ear as he chomps on his hamburger<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mr President is now all glee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">For that damned foreign journalist has just declared our country,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“The Developing Nation of theYear.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The historical analysis of the colonization of the lifeworld does not mean that the invasion of the lifeworld came to an end with the demise of colonialism. Rather, subjugation—which is known as recolonization in today’s world—continues in new forms and ways, and we have seen how it happens in Sri Lanka. Neocolonialism represents the contemporary process of recolonization, where the subjugation of the lifeworld of the communities at the peripheries through the economic and military hegemony of the Empire and the transnational corporations, continue with the support of theological legitimization. Development and globalization are the two contemporary manifestations of the process of the colonization of the lifeworld. <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The meaning of the term development in its contemporary sense is derived from the modern development thinking and project inaugurated after World War II. Up until the last two decades of the twentieth century the teleology of modern development was uncontested though the means to reach that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos </i>was subject to a variety of criticisms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In development, all the modern advances in science, technology, democracy, values, ethics, and social organization fuse into the single humanitarian project of producing a far better world.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Here one can identify the rootedness of development in the dominant Enlightenment principles of belief in progress, reason, science and modernity. Modern development in common parlance is understood as humanitarian technical assistance, wherein Northern “experts” help Southern governments to reach the standards attained by the North through the mediation of Western technology, institutions and practices. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Being a humanitarian project with a teleological vision of a better world, and a deontological commitment to bring in civilizational transformation at the peripheries, development has been considered as the solution for the underdeveloped nations. Initially, objections to this project only concerned the paths to development. However, there has been an eruption of voices from all over the world raising fundamental questions about the very paradigm of modern development, which in recent times has become a monolithic hegemonic doctrine called “developmentalism.” Developmentalism is primarily a belief in the economic growth model of development as the only viable paradigm of development in the contemporary world. It “is the truth from the point of view of the center of power; it is the theorization (or rather, ideologization) of its own path of development, and the comparative method elaborates this perspective.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> The truth from the center of power does claim universal validity, and hence it is imperative for the rest of the world to welcome this truth into their lifeworld. The heretics of this gospel are destined to remain in their primitive state of affairs. For developmentalism, they are “development’s Others,”—communities diagnosed as pathological and to be cured by the development apparatus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the following words Arturo Escobar briefly summarizes the predicament in which the countries at the periphery have ended up after six decades of development: “At times, development grew to be so important for Third World countries that it became acceptable for their rulers to subject their populations to an infinite variety of interventions, to more encompassing forms of power and systems of control; so important that First and Third World elites accepted the price of massive impoverishment, of selling Third World resources to the most convenient bidder, of degrading their physical and human ecologies, of killing and torturing, of condemning their indigenous populations to near extinction; so important that many in the Third World began to think of themselves as inferior, underdeveloped, and ignorant and to doubt the value of their own culture, deciding instead to pledge allegiance to the banners of reason and progress; so important, finally, that the achievement of development clouded the awareness of the impossibility of fulfilling the promises that development seemed to be making.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Neo-liberal globalization, with its inherent logic of commodification and marketization, is in practice a social fascism that excludes, displaces and annihilates communities and nature through the colonization of the lifeworld. It was prophesied six decades ago by Karl Polanyi in his critique of the marketization of society: “To allow the market mechanism to be sole director of the fate of human beings and their natural environment…would result in the demolition of society.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> In Polanyi’s analysis this is a shift from a “society with market” to a “market society.” Said differently, it is a shift from a society where economic relations and practices were “embedded” in the social relations to a society colonized by the hegemonic logic and practice of the market. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The suppressed voices and narratives of our times, which we heard at the very beginning of this presentation from the coastal regions of Sri Lanka, speak out from the peripheries of our “market societies”—stories of “tortured bodies” and “altered earth.” Communities which used to be the subjects of their destiny in their subsistence economies have been sacrificed on the altar of neo-liberal globalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Colonization of the lifeworld has always been a theological project, and God talk has always functioned as a “sacred canopy” to face the legitimation crisis of the system. The God talk of colonialism involves three categories: the affirmation of the divinely destined agency of the colonizer to invade and conquer the Other; the teleological vision of an ideal state of maturity, progress, and growth which they want to impose upon the colonized with missionary zeal; and finally the strong sense of a deontological call to be the missionaries of this new religion. The following excerpt from a French document published in 1897 supporting colonialism categorically explains the deontological foundation of colonialism: “Colonization is not a question of interest but a question of duty. It is necessary to colonize because there is a moral obligation, for both nations and individuals, to employ the strengths and advantages they have received from Providence for the general good of humanity. It is necessary to colonize because colonization is one of the duties incumbent upon great nations, which they cannot evade without failing in their mission and falling into moral dereliction.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The colonization of the lifeworld has always been a project filled with violence. And more than anything else, it has been the God talk that has helped the colonizers to legitimize violence thanks to the theological concept of “sacrifice.” The violence of colonization seeks theological legitimization in two ways: firstly, by invoking a particular interpretation of the doctrine of atonement to glorify victimization—imposed sacrifice as redemptive (civilizing); and secondly, by focusing on a utopian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos </i>which promises progress, growth, and human rights. So the God talk of colonization is a doctrine combining a masochistic soteriology with an eschatological vision of progress and development mediated by a chosen race. The “realized eschatology” of the “developed” nations is being invoked in this doctrine to invite the “underdeveloped” to convert to this religion. This spiritual conquest is fought masked in messianic claims of missionary agency and zeal to civilize and emancipate the Other, and the casualty of this subtle proselytization is the moral agency of the communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Christian social ethicists Larry Rasmussen and Elizabeth Bounds, along with Enrique Dussel, enable us to understand the violence of colonization in a deeper way. For Rasmussen, capitalist modernity is “killing us. It slowly devours its own children as well as the children of others”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> whereas for Bounds, “capitalism is able to organize the most intimate areas of lives and shape profoundly our consciousness.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> This violence and sacrifice is divinely sanctioned for the realization of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos</i> of the messianic project of modernity. “The sacrificial capitalist economy commenced its five hundred year history by worshipping money as its fetish and by celebrating its earthly (unheavenly) religion during the week, instead of on the Sabbath…. The year 1492 ushered in a new era which has been immolating the colonized peoples of the periphery, or the so-called Third World, on a new god’s altar.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> To sum up, the colonizers have always been successful in constructing and effectively using God talks that legitimize different manifestations of colonization. Such God talks are not only hegemonic but toxic with the potential to colonize the minds of the communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">As in the case of previous versions of conquest and invasion, God talk has been playing an undisputed role in the propagation of the new religion of “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">money</i>theism” of globalization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Globalization, similar to its precursors—colonialism and developmentalism—is in itself a God talk with the vision and promise of a teleology, and a missionary zeal motivated by a sense of deontology. The teleology of globalization, unlike that of developmentalism, is much more persuasive and convincing now that the gospel choir of globalization has succeeded in popularizing a chorus of “There is No Alternative.” But the uniqueness of globalization is its emergence as a new religion with the market as the presiding deity. In the place of the old dictum of “no salvation outside the church” there emerged the new dictum: “no salvation outside the market.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The god of globalization is the monopoly capitalist wealth. This god is Mammon whose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">telos </i>is to maximize wealth by commodifying and marketizing living beings. The Indian Jesuit theologian Sebastian Kappen in his compelling analysis of the religion of globalization exposes the spiritual legitimization that the “Christian Ungod” provides to neo-liberal globalization. According to him, the omnipresence of this ungod in our times is a historical continuation of the spiritual legitimization that the Christian Ungod has been doing. Explaining the “Christian Ungod” Kappen writes: ‘It is the God whom Christians fashioned to legitimize their lust for wealth and power. It is this Ungod who inspired Kings, and Popes to embark on the Crusades and massacre of millions of Jews and Turks, who in the person of the Grand Inquisitor indulged in the brutalities of witch-hunting and the burning of heretics, who authorized the Christian Kings of the West to colonize and enslave all ‘pagan’ nations, who gave the green signal to slave trade involving the transportation across the Atlantic of 30 million Africans, who connived at the brutal extermination of the indigenous tribes of the Americas and Australias, who steadied the hands of those who dropped atom bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, who in his new incarnation as an illustrious preacher stood by the side of president Bush in 1991 as the latter knelt down to invoke divine blessing on his projected war on Iraq, that was to kill thousands of Iraqis, men, women, and children. He is a god who will not hesitate to avenge the death of one North American marine with the death of ten times the number of Somalis. In short, he is a god who takes the side of the affluent against the poor, of the powerful against the weak, a god with hands dripping with the blood of the innocent.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Globalization as a religious system has succeeded in facing the legitimation crisis of the system. This success story of the missionaries of the new religion converts the existential crisis that humans and the wider community of life face today into a crisis of faith. M. P. Joseph, in his analysis of this crisis of faith, identifies the primacy of market as the mediating agent, a theological and ethical issue deserving serious engagement.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> With the exclusive power of mediating agency, market becomes the true “ecclesia” of our times, according to Joseph. The concept of Divine is the major casualty in this new ecclesia of market because “unless the divine appears in the form of a colorful thing, with a decent price tag, and musters the ability to compete with other divine images in the market place, it deprives its charm. Ability to turn as an idol thus is an existential need for the concept of divine.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>Idolization of the Divine is certainly a crisis of faith because “the ungod of death is worshipped as the real god when the God of life is alienated and peripheralized as a heresy.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> Doesn’t such idolization make globalization a fundamental theological problem of idolatry?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Globalization as the colonization of the lifeworld is a fundamental ethical issue because it not only robs the moral agency of the community, but it also assumes moral agency through its claims of universality and the propaganda slogan of “There is No Alternative (TINA).” Thus the ethical imperative in the contemporary world is to reclaim the moral agency of the dispossessed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moral agency empowers the community with the discernment of its historical responsibility to be sensitive, critical, morally indignant, compassionate and creative to understand what the reality <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is</i>, and to strive collectively to transform it radically to what it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ought to</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">be</i>. Differently said, moral agency is the political and spiritual power <i>to</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">interpret</i> and <i>to</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">change</i> the world. A people with moral agency are, therefore, the architects of a different world because they believe that “another world is possible.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">When the people are empowered to reclaim their moral agency, they are able to see and analyze politically the reality from their own vantage point. This knowledge has the potential to unleash a revolutionary journey towards freedom and dignity. Cynthia Mo-Lobeda’s interpretation of moral agency is instructive here. Moral agency, according to Mo-Lobeda “is the power to subvert, that is, to resist and to live toward alternatives. That subversive and multifaceted activity is political….that is, it constitutes participation in the shaping of public life. The moral norm of active, embodied love is a call to political participation on behalf of life and against what destroys it.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> The priests of neo-liberal globalization know it very well, so they systematically corrode the moral agency and the political will of the community through colonizing their lifeworld. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">And the Sea was no More: Decolonizing Faith in a Globalized World<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">What is the mission of the Church in a context where we continue to confront the colonization of the lifeworld in the form of commercial tourism and other neo-liberal development projects? What does it mean to be a Church in this context? The Book of Revelation, emerged in the context of the imperial totalizing claims of the Roman Empire provides us the apocalyptic vision of the new heaven and the new earth. This vision is the longings of a community and their landscape thingified by the imperial desire for accumulation, affirming the possibility of a “redeemed earth” beyond the totality. A closer analysis reveals that the apocalypse is a poetics of testimony, a vision that is born out of the determination of a community that refused to attribute the worth to receive “power and wealth and wisdom and might and honor and glory and blessing” to the imperial system. Rather, the dispossessed and the enslaved proclaim that “worthy is the Lamb that was slain.” Said differently, in the absurd poetics of dreaming visions that are illogical to the colonized imaginations, the Other becomes the site for a new discourse and praxis that envision a redeemed earth beyond the logic of the system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Revelations’ musings on the metaphor of water is foundational here. According to the seer, on the redeemed earth, “. . . the sea was no more.” As Catherine Keller states it is a vision of hope as “the new creation entails the evaporation of the salt waters of tears and of seas.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> But a deeper engagement with the text and the context is essential to make sense of the vision of the absence of sea. For Barbara Rossing, the Book of Revelation is a critique of the “realized eschatology” of Rome.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> Because of its political and economic might as an imperial state, Rome considered itself eternal and sovereign. The sea was the primary agency for exercising this might and power—to invade, plunder, destroy, and enslave communities and nature in the colonies. To put it differently, the sea was the “route” to the state of “realized eschatology.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The city of Babylon reached this state of “realized eschatology” thanks to its imperial political economy. The list of cargos mentioned in Revelation 18 reveals how the landscape and the communities at the peripheries were thingified to this end.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a> The very presence of slaves among the cargo list underscores the pervasiveness of the colonization of the lifeworld. The realized eschatology of the system is always built on the colonized bodies of the other—the communities and nature. They are the ones destined to sacrifice at the altar of the Empire. The “realized eschatology” of the imperial political economy is hence inherently violent and destructive. We have seen the violence and destructive nature of the “realized eschatology” of neo-liberal globalization in the stories that we heard from Sri Lanka; how the land and the communities have been commodified and sacrificed for commercial tourism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The vision of the new creation emerging from this dangerous experience of living under the sway of the idols of death is inherently a trans-systemic praxis that believes “beyond totality.” Hence “. . . and the sea was no more” is a profound ethical imperative that can emerge only from the site of the alternative political praxis—the Other and the subalterns. The New Jerusalem is antithetical to the political economy of greed and accumulation. The alternative vision of the Other reclaims the metaphor of water as the agent of healing and redemption. The water, which was stripped of its exteriority in the city of Babylon and reduced to being the route to its realized eschatology, is metamorphosed into a free gift available for all. The river of the water of life which nourishes and nurtures the city of Jerusalem is surrounded by the trees whose leaves bring healing to the nations. The book of Revelation inspires us to believe that alternative and justice tourism is possible if we are willing to come out of the Empire. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Following the Pilgrim God: Alternative Tourism as Mission of Incarnation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Alternative Tourism Group (ATG) is a Palestinian NGO established in 1995 to initiate an alternative justice tourism “which holds as its central goals the creation of economic opportunities for the local community, positive cultural exchange between host and guest through one-on-one interaction, the protection of the environment and political/historical education.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> ATG, through Justice Tourism, instills in us the audacity to believe that an alternative tourism is possible. The basic ethos and vision of this alternative tourism is found in the words of Father Elias Chacour: “You Westerners have been coming to the Holy Land for centuries to visit the shrines, the dead stones. But you do not see the living stones—the human beings who live and struggle before your eyes. I say ‘wake up!’ What matters are the living stones!”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a> This statement comes out of the disturbing reality that the majority of the tourists to the Holy Land goes there and returns without a genuine attempt to understand the life of the Palestinian communities under Israeli occupation. “Only by living what Palestinians experience all the time can a visitor recognize the injustices that are their daily bread.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Justice tourism, therefore, is an organic experience of deeper fellowship of communities through hospitality where our diverse and distinct horizons meet together to celebrate the beauty of human solidarity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Just and alternative tourism re-imagines tourism as a holistic experience of mutual flourishing, where both the guests and the hosts reject the neo-liberal exploitative trajectory of tourism and develop tourism and pilgrimage that protect the environment, improve the economic needs of the host communities, bring about justice and peace in the host communities, and enhance the humanity of both the hosts and the guests. It is a deeper spiritual experience which nourishes the guests through their organic engagement with the host communities—their cultures, environment, spiritualities, and history without the motive of exploitation and commodification. Justice tourism is committed to widen understanding, mutual learning, economic flourishing, environmental protection, and hospitality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">The code of conduct for travelers to the holy land developed by Palestinian organizations provides is an attempt to promote justice tourism: “Respect and learn about the local culture. Observe local customs. Interact and spend time with local people. Be aware that your cultural values may differ from theirs. Other values are not wrong or inferior; just different. Make sure that you encounter and engage with the local communities who are struggling for the respect of their dignity. Support the host communities in a responsible way, without encouraging them to change their customs in order to adopt yours. Co-operate with locals in conserving precious natural resources. Buy local products. Contribute to ensuring that tourism has a beneficial outcome for the local community. Use local transportation, guides, accommodation, restaurants and markets to benefit the local economy. Take time to live and experience the daily life of the local people.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';">Pilgrimage to the Holy Land has become a regular program for several of the urban churches in India. Christian leaders have been lobbying with government officials for providing subsidies for their pilgrimage to the Holy Lands to “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">enable poor Christians to strengthen their faith and knowledge about Jesus Christ to live a better spiritual and moral life.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Tamil Nadu government has already set apart 20 million rupees to provide subsidy for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land for the next two years. At the same time, there are critical introspections on the theology and politics of our “Christian” pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The Church of South India (CSI) has already made the bold decision not to renew the contract with EL AL, the official airlines of Israel to publish their advertisement in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CSI Life</i>, the official magazine of the CSI. Viji Varghese Eapen, director of the Department of Ecumenical Relations and Ecological Concerns of CSI observes that, “Unfortunately we seem to foster some kind of geo-polity, forgetting the fact that, every rupee that we contribute towards the so called ‘holy tours’ goes to the ‘unholy war’ by Israel against the Palestinians.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>For the people of Palestine, “who consider it to be an ongoing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nakba</i> (catastrophe) for the past 64 years, tourism that legitimizes the occupation of their land is the last thing they want.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Alternative Justice Tourism is a call to repentance. In our dominant models of pilgrimage to the Holy Lands, we tend to “come to the Holy Land as spectators, touring holy sites as they would museums, not caring or realizing that for Palestinian Christians these are living places of worship. Reflecting the pious practices of the Pharisees, we search for a personal blessing, seeking to renew an egocentric, individualistic faith. What we choose to see and do only reinforces our prejudices, preconceived notions, and limited understanding of a complex situation.” Instead, we need to initiate alternative and justice pilgrimages, challenging the stereotypes and untruths about the communities. “The genuine Christian pilgrim seeks the living Christ in the now, in solidarity with the oppressed, the poor and the imprisoned.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Palestinian Christians articulate the theological basis of justice tourism in a persuasive manner: “God intervenes in human history whenever life is threatened, abused, and destroyed—for the slain Abel, Uriah, Naboth, the slaves in Egypt, the poor and the widows. God revives the dry bones that ‘come to life, stand on their feet and become a great army.’ The reign of God is present wherever life is set free, the blind see, the lame walk and the good news of liberation is announced. God sends the prophets to liberate people from oppression and speak words of judgment. God is on an eternal pilgrimage into our here and now for the sake of justice and love. God’s incarnation in Christ is God’s way of entering into the moral struggles of the world and showing us how to live a truly human life. Jesus identifies himself with all those unjustly treated in order to expose injustice.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> Pilgrimage and tourism for us today, is to become incarnate in the here and now, entering into the struggles of the world as moral presence of transformation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">George Zachariah<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Naomi Klein, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</i>, (New York: Picador, 2007), 495.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid., 498.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibid., 490.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Quoted in George Zachariah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alternatives Unincorporated: Earth Ethics from the Grassroots</i>, (London: Equinox Press, 2011), 34. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Naomi Klein, Op cit., 508. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid., 492.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Cecil Rajendra, <i>Dove on Fire: Poems on Peace, Justice and Ecology</i> (Geneva: WCC Publications, 1987), 50-52.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Richard Peet, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Theories of Development</i> (New York, London: Guilford Press, 1999), 1.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Jan Nederveen Pieterse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Development Theory: Deconstruction/Reconstructions</i> (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Sage Publishers, 2001), 18.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Arturo Escobar, <i>Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995),</span> 52-53.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Karl Polanyi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Great Transformation</i> (New York, Toronto: Farrar & Rinehart Inc., 1944), 73.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Quoted by Gilbert Rist, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith</i> (London and New York: Zed Books, 1997), 55.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Larry Rasmussen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moral Fragments and Moral Community: A Proposal for Church in Society</i> (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995), 21.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Elizabeth Bounds, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coming Together/Coming Apart: Religion, Community and Modernity</i>, (New York: Routledge, 1997), 36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Enrique Dussel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Invention of the Americas Eclipse of the Other and the Myth of Modernity </i>(New York: Continuum Press, 1995), 48.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Sebastian Kappen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Spirituality in the Age of Recolonization</i> (Bangalore: Visthar, 1995), 3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> M. P. Joseph, “Present is not Eternal,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agape Immaginaria</i> 2 (December 2000), 14.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> M. P. Joseph, “Towards a Theological Critique of Globalization” in Tissa Balasuriya. <i>Globalization and Human Solidarity</i> (Thiruvalla: CSS Books, 2000), 10.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> M. P. Joseph, “Beyond <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bandung</st1:place></st1:city>: The Market, the Empire and an Enquiry of Religious Meaning,” in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Josef</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">P.</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">Wdiyatmadja</st1:placename> <st1:placename w:st="on">ed.</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on"><i>Building</i></st1:placetype></st1:place><i> Spirituality and Culture of Peace</i> (Hongkong: Chrisitan Conference of <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place>, 2004), 181.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Cynthia Moe-Lobeda, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Healing the Broken World: Globalization and God </i>(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002), 36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Catherine Keller, “No <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">More</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Sea</st1:placetype></st1:place>: The Lost Chaos of the Eschaton,” in <i>Christianity and Ecology: Seeking the Wellbeing of Earth and Humans</i>, eds. Dieter Hessel and Rosemary Radford Ruether (Harvard: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Harvard</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press, 2000), 185.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Barbara Rossing, <i>The Choice between Two Cities: Whore, Bride and Empire in the Apocalypse</i> (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> “Cargo of gold, silver, jewels and pearls, fine linen, silk and scarlet, all kinds of scented wood, all articles of ivory, all articles of costly wood, bronze, iron, and myrrh, frankincense, wine, olive oil, choice flour and wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and chariots, slaves and human lives.” (Rev. 18: 11-13)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Freya Higgins-Desbiolles, “Living Stones and Dead Children: Palestine and the Politics of Tourism,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contours</i> Vol. 20, No. 2 June-July 2010, 6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid., 5.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Quoted in Philip Mathew, “Holy Land Pilgrims Urged to Show Concern for Palestinians,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contours</i> Vol. 20, No. 2 June-July 2010, 9.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Come and See: A Journey for Peace with Justice: Guidelines for Christians Contemplating a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land</i>, 17-18.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> http://www.sezariworld.com/component/content/article/48-india/1508-dispose-of-pleas-on-christian-pilgrimage-subsidy-apex-court-tells-ap-hc<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Quoted in Samuel Abraham, “A Helping Hand,” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frontline</i>, (August 24, 2012), 63. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Ibid., 60.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Book Antiqua','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Come and See, Op cit., 11.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-81516577295231764192012-12-10T21:21:00.000+08:002012-12-10T21:21:25.632+08:00COMMERCIAL TOURISM: An Agenda for Theological Curriculum Developmen<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">COMMERCIAL TOURISM: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">An Agenda for Theological Curriculum Development</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Dr. Wati Longchar, </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Director SCEPTRE, Kolkata, India</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism Industry – An Ethico-Theological Issue<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism industry is <span style="color: black;">spiraling and has gained a greater vogue</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">with all its zeal and valor.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is estimated that more<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="color: black;">than</span> five million tourists, excluding domestic tourists, arrive in India alone, annually. Alongside oil, <span style="color: black;">arms,</span> pharmaceuticals and auto-industry, it is one of the largest industries in the world, and it is growing rapidly in a massive scale. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) projects 1.5 billion arrivals of tourists by 2020. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A rough estimate puts 1,005 tourist arrivals in 2010. Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) share is 5.89 trillion which is higher than GDP of the most rich countries. Excluding unaccounted laborers, tourism absorbs about 300 million people. To intensify tourism industry Governments have relaxed tax on air fuel and the budget airlines are growing. With the introduction of cheap flights, tourism industry will continue to grow all over the world. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The policy makers see tourism development as solution to poverty alleviation. The income generated from tourism is perceived as a panacea for the problems of the poor countries. This perception is based on an assumed understanding that the profits from tourism industry will trickle down and benefit the poor communities.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif';"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Under the slogans, “Incredible India”, “Look East” “God’s own Country”, “Bali of South Asia” (Sri Lanka, etc), tourism industry has intensified, promising peace and prosperity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is applauded as “motor for development.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Many people are fooled to believe that it is an engine of investment, employment, growth, and national development and considered as one of the best industries for the third world countries to earn foreign currencies in terms of Dollar and Euro. As a result of this myth, the economic and business planners are diverting the resources to expand airports, local transportation facilities and other infra-structures at the expense of the poor. Tourism! at whose cost?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This myth should<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be challenged. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style','serif';"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism is a human’s self seeking satisfaction or pleasure driven enterprise by objectifying others as commodity or means of one’s satisfaction.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Study shows that majority of the tourists are military personals and industrial workers. A research conducted on Israeli tourist behavior and patterns in Goa has revealed that the Government of Israel provides travel package incentive to all the soldiers after the completion of compulsory military service as incentive. The intention is to release stress and appease the soldiers after stressful work and training.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similarly, industrial workers are given travel package bonus by the companies to release their accumulated feelings of oppression in alienating and health hazard working conditions. Tour packages are consciously organized by the ruling and owning class to avoid unrest, protest and rebellion. Tourists who travel under these circumstances arrive at the destinations merely for enjoyment, relaxation and pleasure. They objectify everything as commodity for enjoyment and pleasure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consequently, women are reduced to flesh market, nature is reduced to mere scenic object, beaches are reduced to mere sun-bath, culture is reduced to performance, etc. Commercial tourism being driven by profit, pleasure and enjoyments puts immense pressure on environment, women, children and indigenous people. Exploitation is rampant and beyond measurable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among the many dimensions of modern mass tourism, the Shillong Declaration identified the following disadvantage of mass tourism:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The diversion of essential people’s resources such as land, water, electricity and other infrastructure to entertain tourists and support hotels, resorts, golf courses, amusement parks and so on;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The social costs through the abuse of women and children, and their trafficking;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The costs entailed in the commercialization, commodification, and denigration of indigenous and local culture, and the resultant threat to cultural identity;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The loss of revenue to host countries and communities as a result of the financial advantages gained by foreign and domestic business interests through tax concessions and holidays, subsidized land and other costs, import advantages, reduced wages and working conditions;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The social and economic impact of displacement of people and communities caused by tourism development;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The climate change implications through air travel;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The cost to host communities through health hazards, arising from tourist activity involving HIV and AIDS, drugs and narcotics, among others; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The human rights violations that occur in the name of tourism.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The sanctity of worship places, sacred groves and shrines are violated, and sacred music and dances turned into cabaret performances for enjoyment. The development of ecotourism is causing wide scale eviction of indigenous people from their ancestral lands<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> leading to breakdown of traditional values and environmental degradation. The continuity of indigenous people’s spirituality, cultural and traditional ways of life is at risk. In summary, commercial tourism’s sole objectives are mere profit, pleasure and enjoyment. It does not respect life, culture and environment. It denies right to live in dignity especially to the poor and marginalized people, and sees environment merely from utilitarian perspective denying the integrity and its wholeness. It breeds injustice and thus contradicts the testimonies of the Bible. It is thus an ethical, theological and missiological concern. The churches and theological institutions ought to be agents of change, influencing society to meaningfully address the negative impacts on human community and environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, to challenge and critique the present paradigm of tourism and search for an alternative tourism becomes a theological and ethical imperative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and Development<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism cannot be studied in isolation. Tourism as a new-liberal economic project, touches all realms of human life and mother earth. It violates human rights and brings destruction to God’s creation. It is affront to God’s purpose of life. Since the present model of tourism development is imposed on the people, it will undermine the traditional and natural system which will further widen the gap between the rich and poor. We need to uncover the interconnected problems associated with the development of tourism on various dimensions such as culture, community, politics, economic, bio-diversity, gender issues, and challenge how this unjust development further intensifies marginalization of vulnerable and <span style="color: black;">less privilege</span> communities and exploitation of earth’s resources. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We may cite three examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and Climate justice</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> – Commercial tourism and climate justice is interconnected. A study on the effect of tsunami in December 2004 in Asia has revealed that the devastation of tsunami became more serious due to destruction of mangrove and other littoral forests, sand dunes, coastal wetlands and reef system. Had these natural protections still been in place it is likely that the damage would have been greatly reduced.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The natural protective environment systems are removed through construction of hotels, resorts, golf courses, or to provide access to beaches, sea view or mountain view for the sake of pleasure seeking tourists. In addition, the pleasure seeking activities take away the livelihood of earth-<span style="color: black;">centered</span> or ocean-<span style="color: black;">centered</span> communities by forcing them off their traditional lands and ocean resources. The scarcity of water for agriculture and drinking water are all related to tourism.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Moreover, tourism contributes substantially to global warming. It is estimated that 4-7% of the global carbon emissions are through aviation industry. It says that “tourism related air and sea travel has been a source of pollution. An ocean-going ship can generate emission of more than 12,000 cars.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Though the carbon emission of the North are far higher per person than from the global south<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>, the poor people, especially indigenous communities, are blamed for global warming citing age-old <span style="color: black;">‘slash</span> and burnt’ (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jhum) </i>cultivation, population and poverty. This is a serious deception. Rather, we have to recognize that climate change is connected with the destructive one-sided developmental activities of the rich countries that promote consumerist life-style and culture. Study has proved that there is no large scale environment effect by <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black;">‘burn</span> and slash’ (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jhum</i>) cultivation. Tourism is a land-hungry business.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> Resort, hotel, golf courses, wild life sanctuary and other infrastructures require large area of prime land. Without deceiving and misleading the land owners, the land cannot be taken from them. Even tsunami devastation in 2004 was taken as an advantage to grab the land. Some governments have used the cover of <span style="color: black;">‘safety’</span> to force indigenous people to more to <span style="color: black;">‘safer’</span> places and the vacated places are sold for tourism development.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> Similarly, under the cover of the <span style="color: black;">‘climate</span> justice’, <span style="color: black;">‘poverty</span> alleviation’, and <span style="color: black;">‘earning</span> more foreign currencies’,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>indigenous communities are today denied of their traditional self-reliant economic activities in many countries without alternative source of income. The debate on climate justice, therefore, will be incomplete without incorporating tourism issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and Indigenous People:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and survival crisis of Indigenous people and other marginal communities are interconnected. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>To promote ecotourism and to manipulate indigenous people’s culture, land, mountain, ocean and their resources, majority of the Asian countries had refused to sign and implement the International Labour Law (ILL) and the UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous People (July 2006). It is a deliberate act to promote ecotourism. Signing the ILL agreement on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights requires governments to formulate policies that respect, promote and protect indigenous peoples’ land, mountain, river, ocean, culture, language, sacred places, traditional knowledge, education and so on. Without the permission and consent of the indigenous people (as per the ILL provision), the policy makers cannot exploit and commercialize their heritage and land resources. Some Asian governments did sign the ILL declaration, but do not implement it fully. Refusal to sign the ILL document has given them free hand to convert indigenous lands into national parks, resorts, and golf courses. The trees can be mercilessly cut down without the consent of the indigenous people to support commercial woodcarving activities to cater foreign and domestic tourist’s demands which again lead to drying up of water and other life sustaining sources. Many indigenous communities are at verge of extinction as they can be evicted any time for the sake of national development and progress.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">One will notice that deliberate attempts are being adopted by the policy makers to make the indigenous people remain illiterate that they depend completely on the sale of their labour power. Upholding the deceptive policies, the governments in turn promote tourism development advocating that it will alleviate poverty, generate employment and income. Generate employment for whom and what kind of employment? Local people are employed mostly as manual labour jobs like watchman, waiter, cleaner in hotels and massage parlors! Generate income for whom? Income goes mostly for hotels and tour agencies. On the other hand, in the process of tourism development, indigenous people are forcefully evicted from their ancestral places without adequate compensation. Along with denial of fishing, hunting and cultivation rights, their cultural assets are also increasingly marketed as tourism products by privatizing their land and natural resources. In the process of being re-packaged for visitor’s consumption, indigenous people’s historical and religious sites, rituals, festivals, arts and crafts are often unrecognized, distorted and commercialized. This creates poverty, indecent living style, identity and spiritual crises.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and <span style="color: black;">Po</span>verty – </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A profit driven industry cannot alleviate poverty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maximization of profit is possible only when labour power is commoditized and exploited, and land and ocean resources are privatized and exploited. Study on the policy of tourism, especially ecotourism, has uncovered that tourism will alleviate poverty of the indigenous people is proved to be faulty. This false promise has created more misery and unemployment to many people. Being poor, illiterate, and denied of their life sustaining resources, it has further aggravated poverty. Many people receive just seasonal and meager wages. Local communities are not given only manual job, but their services do not give regularization.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> Most of them are seasonal contract workers. Descent jobs are deliberately denied, promotion curtailed or jobs are not regularized to keep the local communities remain illiterate and economically dependent and poor. It paves the way for manipulation and exploitation. To earn their living, women and children can be sold to commercial sex work. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men can be indulged in drug and other illegal business. All these indecent life contribute to disease like HIV, TB, and so on. Tourism has also not given indigenous people education or any other skills to live a decent life. It makes people dependent, lazy and unproductive. People just sit and wait for the tourist to arrive to generate meager income for their living.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">There is no balance share in the global tourism between the rich and poor countries. The rich countries in Europe and Canada, USA, Australia, Japan and Korea account nearly 80 per cent of world tourism leaving a vast majority of the world’s population being abused and exploited. Since the whole industries are monopolized and controlled by the companies in the wealthy countries, the profit goes back to the rich nations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The host countries receive just a meager benefit out <span style="color: black;">of </span>the tourism industries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">With capacity to earn billions of dollars, tourism is being promoted by the IMF-WB as a means for Third World countries to repay their debts. But in contrary, it rather increases debts burden as the profit goes back to the rich countries. Most of the star hotels, resorts, golf courses and aviation industries are owned by the rich people in the rich countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">These are just a few examples. The issue has to be located within the larger structural injustice. Injustice and destruction perpetuated to nature and people are massive. The church cannot remain a silent spectator. All these challenges demand urgent theological response and intervention because most of the affected people are indigenous people, women and children. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>God’s creation is also groaning due to over exploitation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are called to listen to their cries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In spite of its negative effects, we also need to recognize its immense potentiality to create global community for peace and justice. It is an important modern activity that can promote interaction among religions, cultures and civilizations, and serve as a catalyst for numerous projects and programs for human development. It can create and promote new social movement, if the present paradigm is directed to just-tourism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Therefore, theological education will not be complete without addressing this issue. Tourism has to be critiqued from the<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>vantage<span style="color: red;"> </span>points of the subsistence communities, and students have to be provided methodological tools to deconstruct the myth of capitalist’s interest using hermeneutical key of the lived experiences of the dalits, tribals, adivasis, women and other marginalized communities. Through a careful structured curriculum, we need to help students to analyze different types of tourism such “justice tourism,” <span style="color: black;">‘eco-tourism</span>,’ <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">‘</span></b><span style="color: black;">mass</span> tourism,’ <span style="color: black;">`c</span>ultural tourism,’ <span style="color: black;">‘sustainable</span> tourism,’ etc. and identify their implications on indigenous people, their culture, women, children and environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and Theological Education <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">There are two major ecumenical networks, namely (a) The Senate of Serampore College (University) with 52 affiliated colleges with over 6000 students and about 1000 faculty members operate in South Asia. (b) The ATESEA has a membership of 105 schools in 16 countries, with approximately 20,000 students and more than 3,100 faculty members. Besides, there are number <span style="color: black;">of </span>schools under the Asian Theological Association (ATA) and other evangelical theological networks. The department of Christianity or Theology under the university structure is also making great impact in the life of the church and society. This explains the strength <span style="color: black;">of </span>the theological community and they can become a potential force in transforming tourism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The history of formal theological education in Asia is less than 200 years old, and yet there have been tremendous developments in many areas. It is encouraging to see that the two ecumenical theological networks try to meet the demands of modern ministries effectively by responding to contemporary socio-political challenges by evolving new patterns of theological education and research in Asia. By giving importance to contemporary life cutting-edge issues employing the hermeneutical principle gained from the commitment for the struggle of the marginalized people for justice, theological students are motivated to engage in transformative action. However, I am not aware of any college/seminary in Asia that offers a course on the issue of tourism. Tourism is an unexposed global economic activity with tangible impact on climate justice, anti-social activities, economic deprivation, cultural alienation and identity crisis. The issue has to be addressed as theological agenda.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is crucial that tourism issue is located within the framework of theology and ethics, pastoral care, and as an important missiological concern. It is sad to note that without analyzing the negative impacts, many people seem to assume that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tourism is a positive economic activity - it creates employment, it will alleviate poverty through economic development, earn more foreign currencies (US Dollar and Euro), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>promote cultural exchanges; and it is good for the poor communities, especially for indigenous communities. However, we need to know that believing in money as the indicator of prosperity is Prosperity Theology.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is equal to worship of mammon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">We should make an attempt to transform tourism to create new social consciousness for peace and justice. Theological institutions can challenge the negative trends through a designed course outline for the ministerial candidates. Upholding the integrity of God’s creation and value of life, the thrust of course should be to help the students to articulate the new forms of violence against indigenous people, women and children carried on by neo-liberal globalization and tourism industries, sensitize and equip church leaders with knowledge and skill of engaging with tourism, and evolve Christian response and action grounded on justice. Theological critique on the present paradigm of tourism should lead the students to articulate alternative tourism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Issues <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">While designing the course, we need to critique the present paradigm of tourism from the vantage points of the subsistence communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the areas that require theological critique are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Theological and <span style="color: black;">Ethical C</span>oncerns</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: What are the ethical and theological tools that challenge and transform main-steam tourism? What is ethical and theological framework to challenge the commercialization of people and God’s creation?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How does theology justify tourism? What is the Christian ethics of leisure, pleasure? How do we challenge various forms of prosperity theologies that promote tourism? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How do we evolve tourism link with Christian values? How do we promote inter-cultural communication and exchanges for justice and peace? How do we challenge people to take risk of stepping out of their comfort zones and expanding their circles of friends to include all people, all faiths, or ethnicities and all ideologies? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and Development <span style="color: black;">C</span>oncerns</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: What is tourism development? For whom? At whose cost? How do we unearth the unjust nexus between globalization, climate justice and struggle of marginalized communities? How do we develop an alternative tourism that helps economic development of the local community without destroying their land or ocean resources and culture? How do we develop a tourism that respect nature, minimize stress on the environment? How do we challenge tourism sector and governments to make tourism more sensitive to climate change? How do we generate employment for marginalized sectors without discrimination? How do we empower local communities to resist the commercial tourism such as golf course, amusement parts, franchise restaurants, resorts and wild life sanctuaries at the cost of people? How do we ensure active role and participation of the indigenous communities and women in development of transformative tourism? How do we challenge the media to be socially sensitive, especially on the negative impacts of mass tourism promoted by the governments and the market, whose sole objective is making profit? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and <span style="color: black;">Marginalized Communities Concerns</span>:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> How do tourism effect on the life of the marginal communities? How do we empower the marginalized sectors to assert their rights, culture, ocean and land in the course of tourism development? How do we educate tour guides and interpreters of the locals with training for understanding of local ethno-cultural history? How do we develop tourism programmes based on indigenous culture and local natural environment setting? More specifically, how do we incorporate history, art, folklore, music, dance and food to highlight and focus on the preservation of unique traditional elements? How do we resist sex tourism? How do we promote tourism that is fair, sustainable and community-based respecting human rights?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism and the <span style="color: black;">R</span>ole of the Church: </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tourism is an integral part of education. It must bring transformation to both the visitor and host. Then, what is the role of the church? How do we conscientious our churches realize that critiquing and campaigning on issues like anti-people development and tourism as part of Christian duty, and mission and pastoral concerns? How do the churches develop networking with international organizations to promote just tourism? How do the church empower the host to shape and create collective articulated voices from faith-based perspectives/interfaith perspective be heard? How do we transform tourism as a tool for advocacy? or a tool for peace? How do the churches promote just tourism? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The course needs to be designed in such a way that students are stimulated to engage in transformative tourism to promote mutuality, solidarity, and the real discovery of human community. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To do so, the course must address unjust power relation between those who own the capital and those who are completely dependent on their labour power. In other words, the root causes of unjust structure must be located to know how this power imbalance functions and how it erects walls of division and inequality among the poor. Max Ediger points out that transformative tourism must be directed “to confront (the visitor with) injustice; the injustice of global economic structures that suck resources from poor countries into rich countries; the injustice of heavy labour that does not receive proper compensation; the injustice of occupation; destroyed homes, and lost futures; the injustice of vast military spending while children go without education, proper diets; health care and happy childhood; and the injustice of voices calling out for a systematic ear but remaining unheard and unheeded.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The traveler must be pushed to address the issue of power in a creative and just way. Moreover, just tourism should lead the traveler to seek forgiveness, find deeper meaning in life, and healing through repentance. Just tourism will lead to discovery of each other, understanding each other, and sharing each other what they can and what they have. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sufficient space should be created in the course outline for the students to explore new ways promoting just tourism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">While exploring just-tourism, the students should also be exposed to different models of alternative tourism advocated by ECOT, CCA, WCC, Equation, YMCA, etc. This exploration will enable them to reflect on the understanding and connection of pilgrimage, encounter, and transformation based on an understanding of the connectedness between the spiritual and political dimensions of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Institutionalizing Tourism in Theological Education: Some Practical Suggestions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As mentioned above, tourism has emerged as one important modern economic activity touching all dimensions of life. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The issue has to be addressed within the framework of theology and ethics, pastoral care, and as missiological imperative. I suggest a few practical suggestions for institutionalization of the course: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(a) Develop a curriculum for ministerial candidates. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Colleges/seminaries could be encouraged to offer it as a credited course, or as an interdisciplinary course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This should be done through accreditation or affiliation mechanism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(b) Integration of tourism issue in other disciplines. There is scope to integrate tourism issue in other disciplines such as Christian Ethics, Social Analysis, Women’s Studies, Tribal/Dalit theologies, Missiology and Christian ministry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will bring a perspectival change in theological orientation. However, there is a need to create space to review the existing theological curricula and suggest areas where integration of the issue could be done. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(c) Scholarship programme. Setting aside some scholarship provisions will encourage research scholars to take up the issue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">(d) Ministerial exposure under the supervision of alternative tourist operators. Seminaries/colleges need to explore student’s internship program or concurrent field work in tourists destination setting. This will provide opportunity to students to experience the actual life realities of people and the destruction on environment brought by tourism industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">We should also note that developing a course alone is not sufficient and it will not bring much perspectival change in theological orientation, if the teachers are not trained on how to handle the course<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Creating<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>awareness is the first step for change. We need to accompany theological institutions by facilitating teacher’s institute on this issue. To stimulate and evoke students to engage in transformative action, teachers need not only orientation on how to handle the course, but also methodological tools for analyzing negative impacts of commercial tourism from theological perspective. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Finally, curriculum and teacher’s institute need to be accompanied by publication of theological resource books. Without adequate theological resource materials addressing and challenging tourism from the margin’s perspective, we will fail to achieve the goal. It is crucial that ecumenical networks like ECOT, CCA, WCC and YMCA, collaborate with churches and theological institutions in organizing more regional and sub-regional consultations, writer’s workshops on the subject with the purpose of producing theological resource materials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> The Shillong declaration issued by the participants of the joint consultation on “The North East India Churches’ response to development and tourism” organized by the Ecumenical Coalition on Tourism, (ECOT), National Council of Churches in India (NCCI), Presbyterian Church of India (PCI), and the Martin Lutheran Christian University (MLCU), on 29-31 March, 2011 at the PCI Center, Shillong, Meghalaya, India. p. 1. Hereafter `Shillong Declaration”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Caesar D’Mello, “Foreword” in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Disaster Prevention in Tourism: Perspectives on Climate Justice – an Abridged Version, </i>ed. by Philip Mathew and Jonathan KcKeown (Chiangmai: 2010), p. 6.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">`Travel’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> for human needs and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">‘</span></b><span style="color: black;">pilgrimage’</span> for spiritual renewal should not be confused with tourism which is connect with sole enjoyment and pleasure. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> For detail, refer to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Claiming the Rights to Say NO, </i>(Goa: CSJP & Equations, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Shillong Declaration, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">For the indigenous people, land is sacred and life. It is the land that holds family, clan, village and tribe as one community. The identity of the people is deeply rooted in the soil. It is the life sustaining power.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Philip Mathew and Jonathan McKeown, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., pp. 7-10.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ibid</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">., p. 22</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> For example, the USA with only 4% of the world population emits 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Philip Mathew and Jonathan McKeown, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., p. 11.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Philip Mathew and Jonathan McKeown, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">op. cit</i>., p. 13.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> It is the case in most of the Star Hotels and other sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Shillong Declaration, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Max Ediger, “Combating Dispossession”, in<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Combating Dispossession: Towards a Code of Ethics for Tourism in Palestine, </i>ed. by Rajan Solomon (2008), pp. 50-60.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-59502192482944042852012-12-07T22:44:00.002+08:002012-12-07T22:45:01.136+08:00Book Release for PTCA Series No. 4<div style="text-align: center;">
PTCA BOOK RELEASE</div>
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PTCA series no. 4: </div>
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<strong>Returning to Mother Earth</strong> </div>
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by Dr. Wati Longchar</div>
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<img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr7e8Qq2tTXlq7mEgKeKNOOo-E_YOKaAhIoclMiJSSzQN6Cq_Quz7fYlupYTXo19HWOyFjerYmZdTbC7CPdEBddZ3pjEUD230GxgJhdFexsTnTBhdhXc9_QpnVTp6L6aKyVuTasL8RGEZM/s320/DSCN1136%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></div>
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<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-63923376025402671752012-12-07T22:35:00.002+08:002012-12-10T21:23:56.052+08:00PTCA Theological Seminar on Commercial Tourism<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Neo Liberal Globalization and</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Market Oriented Commercial</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Tourism</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A Theological Critique</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">PTCA International Theological Symposium</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Jointly by NCCI, CJCU and SCEPTRE</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Huang Po Ho, </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">rof. and vice president of CJCU</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">, Dean of PTCA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Dec. 6-9, 2012. Kolkata, India</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Introduction</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKTTNWeMeDADMeAyYmYA_dGD0Tm4GSzK_yBIKRJ25roAeorwxU6NtZPC1cop93ciG3wB5gbDFwlyeOhh3t5xavtOog7-ffO2IvFvIgKi4n8uOt3n42S1RScSplOF2TuTLCAYpbbRk9avD/s1600/DSCN1134%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKTTNWeMeDADMeAyYmYA_dGD0Tm4GSzK_yBIKRJ25roAeorwxU6NtZPC1cop93ciG3wB5gbDFwlyeOhh3t5xavtOog7-ffO2IvFvIgKi4n8uOt3n42S1RScSplOF2TuTLCAYpbbRk9avD/s200/DSCN1134%5B1%5D.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theological Seminar on Tourism</td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism has been defined differently among the concerned scholars, no consensus being reached for its definition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has its definition of the concept which is widely adopted, that states: “Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>General speaking, tourism involves industries of transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking, retail shops, entertainment businesses and other hospitality services.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are attempts to distinguish tourism from travel; however no significant distinctions are reached. Semantically speaking, all tourists are travelers, but not all travelers are tourists. But travelers are seldom able to be exempted from taking part of tourism; therefore attempt to distinguish the two does not make much sense to the discourses. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">It is nevertheless, following the neo-liberal market economic development, tourist activities has been commercially organized to become a collective business industry. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">This</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> has launched strategic promotion to encourage and gather great quantity of tourist groups, and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">increas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> their frequencies of trips, and thus altered the nature of tourism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> This new trend of commercial tourist industry affected by the market orientation has created different side effects related to the exploitation of nature (creation) and distortion of human relationship. It is this sort of commercial tourism industries that invite our attention to reflect upon theologically and to call for repentance and transformation. </span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism and Religious Pilgrimages</span></b> </div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Healthy tourism puts people in contact with other lifestyles, other religions, other ways of seeing the world and its history. This is particularly true to tourism related to religious activities. Since the ancient time, there has been an enticing and interesting linkage between religion and tourism. Tourism and its related programs interact with religious life almost in every corner of the world, “From Amish communities of rural Pennsylvania to the snowy summits of Mount Fuji in Japan, from the mysterious ruins of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian Andes to the monumental pyramids of Giza in Egypt, from Chartres in France to the Western Wall in Jerusalem, millions of tourists seek out places of religion every year.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">From Christian aspect, ecumenism is a trend that is being increasingly observed in religious tourism, the other trend that is favoring knowledge of other religions and cultures is that which is known as spiritual or spirituality tourism. Tourism destinations are conducive to interfaith and intercultural encounters and dialogue.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[3]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Pilgrimages are undoubtedly the most common form of religious and spiritual tourism. Some religions incorporate pilgrimages in their practice, as is the case for Buddhists, Catholic and Orthodox Christians, Hindus, Muslims, or Shintoists. In others, this practice does not exist, but their followers still travel to visit the sites that mark the history of their co-religionists.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[4]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Though there is no specific terminology of “pilgrimage” in the Bible, the concept of pilgrimage as a religious journey to pay visit to the sacred sites is know from the remote antiquity. The story about Abraham to visit Mount Moria (Gen. 22.2) has been a well known passage to many of the adherents of the Biblical Religion. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">According to the expository studies of Biblical terminologies</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">, that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">the</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;"> “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Latin Peregrinus stems from the Biblical Hebrew and Greek. Two pairs of words are used to denote the pilgrim: the Hebrew speaks of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ger </i>while the<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Greek uses<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> paroikos</i>.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ger</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gur </i>is used eighty-eight times in the Old Testament,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[5]</span></sup></span></sup></a> it means “to abide, be gathered, be a stranger, dwell (in/with), sojourn” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[6]</span></sup></span></sup></a> This terminology has its implication of to live among those who are not relatives. A <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ger </i>is not a citizen of the community and is thus excluded from the rights and privileges of community membership.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[7]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The Old Testament patriarchs such as Abraham (Gen. 12.10), Jacob (47.4) and Isaac (Gen. 26.3) were experiencing their travelling outside the Promised Land in Egypt and Gerar. Even the land of Canaan which they were promised to be given, they were still always considered as sojourners in the land (Exd. 6.4). The Greek word of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paroikos </i>on the other hand contains rich meaning. Its secular meaning has to do with “neighbor”, “noncitizen” or “resident alien”. In the New Testament <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">paroikos</i> occurs only four times and which usually in a quotation or allusion from the Old Testament to refer to the patriarchs and the physical descendants of Israel.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[8]</span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 2.25pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Theological speaking, the wondering nature of the elected people of God in the Old Testament was considered in a state of intimate relation with God (Jr. 2.2; Ho. 2.14).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Religious pilgrimage thus has its profundity in spiritual meaning. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">Today n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">early all religious communities are in favor of tourism, because it is a means to generate income in order to sustain their members, to better inform their faithful and the public, to maintain and preserve sanctuaries and monuments, as well as their natural environment.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"></span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Commercial Tourism: Savior or De</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">vastator</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">? </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Globalization has opened up tourism include the religious tourism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> to a process of commercialization, transforming it into “marketable product” which it was not in its beginnings</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> for instance, pilgrims in the olden days were exempt from taxes and toll levies; it was not necessary to pay to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>enter the “houses of God”. This market oriented tourism also involves overlapping markets</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;"> that include</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">: that of spirituality, physical and mental health, leisure activities, culture, short stays and city-breaks. Its demographic base is considerable. This realization of the potential of religious tourism is recent, as is its “launching into the market”. It leaves open enormous possibilities of growth for the tourism industry.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[9]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Today, Commercial tourism has become </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">one of the four largest industries in the world alongside fuels, armaments, and pharmaceuticals, and is a significant feature of most Asian countries. As an industry, it involves massive financial resources and economic power in the hands of a relative few. A structural analysis of mass commercial tourism in light of Christian social teachings and exegesis makes it a very relevant a theological issue and challenge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">According to some calculations, tourism industry has generated up to some 10% of the global GDP, which provides 300 million job opportunities, that is almost reaching 10% of the global workforce. A figure of 1.5 billion annual travelers to be reached by 2020 was predicted by the United Nations World Tourism Organization. Take Asia continent as an example, today Asia countries accommodated around 65 % of the world’s population, most Asian countries are profundity with historical and natural resources, which accompanied with innumerable contemporary planned attractive spots boosted to be tourism destinations, has made Asian world a magnet for tourists. In order to entice more tourists, Many countries in Asian have formatted catchy slogans for their tourist marketing, the catchy phrases such as Incredible India, Amazing Thailand, Malaysia Truly Asia, Remarkable Indonesia, Beauty has an address: Oman, Marvelous Melbourne, Infinitely Yours: Seoul, The Heart of Asia: Taiwan, and so on, are seen everywhere domestically and overseas.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism industry has been considered by most of governments regardless developed or developing countries as effective program of national economic development scheme. Taiwan for instance, though has diplomatic relation with only 23 countries in the world; its passport has been granted visa waiving by more than hundred countries. The most recent offer from the United States of this visa waiving to the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">eople of Taiwan is the most obvious indication of its economic implication on tourism<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></sup></span></sup></a>. The often given arguments from the governments to promote tourism are that, tourism is the best way to liberate the poor, tourism is a ‘smokeless’ industry, it is costless, clean, green, non-polluting way of making money, and that tourism creates benefits from foreign exchange and increasing employment, which is also fostering the so-called mutual understanding between peoples. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">While not denying positive nature of tourism and religious pilgrimages, human societies are today confronted with serious threats from the contemporary commercial tourism created by the neo-liberal market economic system. Unfortunately, covered up by the forceful mass media propagation which is manipulated under the economic interest of individual companies, and even state policies, commercial tourism industry has been superficially constructed to a solemn promise of economic development. Is tourism a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> economic savior or a destroyer of the household of God?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Impacts of Commercial Tourism to the Household of God</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Even if we do not go too far to question about who benefits from the commercial tourism and discuss on the issue of justice of distribution in this neo-liberal market oriented tourism industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The modern commercial tourism that turns all its activities and programs as purchasable commodities has become a major force of destruction to that of human spirituality, to the relationship of community and also to the integrity of creation. The weaker</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> is</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> victimized the most. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">While it is not possible to list all the negative impacts that the commercial tourism affects to the creation and lives on the earth, some significant issues related to it are important to be discussed here:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the deviation of resource distribution: without exception</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> state policy has its influence to direct national resource distribution regardless political system. Once a government makes its policies to emphasis tourism development as national economic development scheme, the distribution of natural resources, social and economical resources are inevitably affected. Resources such as land, water, electricity, national budgets and human resource plans are drawn to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">purpose. Poor aborigines and farmers are brutally taken their pieces of land; other living resources such as water and electricity already in short supply are further edged out for the sake. The poor farmers and aborigines are exploited their limited living dependence and transferred to the hands of few privileged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the jeopardy of primitive ecosystem and social structure: in order to attract tourists, infrastructures for transportation, accommodations and leisure are essential parts of the industry, construction and maintenance of airports, domestic transportation system, hotels, resorts, golf courses,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>amusement park and casinos not only occupied the agriculture farms and aboriginal forest land, but also destroy the primitive ecosystem and social structure. </span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">commodification of human values: a commercialized tourism inevitably shapes tourists a hunter’s mindset, which tends to commodify the tourism activities and everything the tourists encounter through their tourism programs. People’s cultures, traditions, customs and arts products, even their religious rituals, sacred places and identities, particularly those of aborigines are denigrated to but a purchasable commodity. Dehumanization process is taken place in the name of "smokeless industry” economic development. Not to say of the sex tourism that causes the trafficking and humiliation of millions women and children in the tourist receiving countries. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">threats to the whole creation: ecological damage created by the commercial tourism affects not only to the ecosystem that causes the disappearance of bio-diversity, the pollution done to the land, water and air disqualified the life-space (oikozoe) for living creatures and to contribute to the climate change that threats ecosystem and all lives on the earth. The frequent migrant activities promoted by the tourism also contribute to the infection and spread of the epidemic diseases.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">These impacts of commercial tourism to the ecosystem and human communities, are particular obvious in Asia and global south. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Commercial Tourism and Poverty Alleviation </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">As mentioned above, it is almost without exception all governments today regardless it is developed or developing countries, consider tourism an effective way to enhance national financial income and to alleviate conditions of poverty. It is however, in contrast to the arguments of its advoca</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">cies</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, commercial tourism does not bring poverty alleviation to the poor people in developing countries, instead, it has created wider gaps between the privileged and the poor.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The commercial tourism industry which is operated under the neo-liberal globalization market system is accompanied by businesses owned by transnational corporation or domestic great business consortia, which have monopolized different sectors of tourism industry, such as airlines, cruise companies, hotel and resort chains, amusement and casino parks, food and drink exporters and so on. It is thus, the major portions of the income generated from tourism industry, despise its cost and expenses of the sacrifice of the weaker parties of the society, are flooded into the hands of the wealthy investors, but not the needy poor and the vulnerable communities.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Some attractive arguments to support the commercial tourism are based upon the creation of job market for the labour workers. It is true that tourism industry creates considerable low paying job opportunity for the tourist receiving countries, these employment generated by tourism industry includes: tourist guide and its related travel services; gardeners, guards and receptionists; hotel, restaurant and their attendants; and maybe adding those poor mobile stalls workers. These are mostly jobs with long working hours yet low paying posts. These grassroots workers are drawn to these tourist related labor markets either because of their traditional living dependence such like land, forest, farm and fisheries are taken for the tourist purpose, or being diverted from their local productive living skills. In either case, traditional ways of life and sense of community are abandoned; even those artistic skills to present their spirituality and tribe souls are commodified to be sold along the streets and roadsides. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In the last analysis, modern neo-liberal globalization tourism industry has been turned to purely commercial activities which are primary a trade by nature and is driven by the philosophy of market and material and physical interests. The market principle of “the privileged gain more and the winner gain whole” is the best description to the reality seen from the view of the grassroots workers. Does commercial tourism alleviate poverty; the answer is thus obvious negative. It may create huge profits to the few privileged but is creating a new class of poor in the midst of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">ostentatiously prosperous.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Theology of Tourism and Ethic Concern of Missiology</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">With the rapid development of commercial tourism industry, it has become increasingly common to read tourism and travel in the modern world as a form of religion, a new opiate of the masses. Yet what happens if we consider Church and theology as religious forms of tourism and travel? Likewise discussions of location, identity and the self-hood have increasingly made use of religious texts, ideas and metaphors. Tourism is thus providing profundity of resources for theolog</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">ical reflections</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism as a social activity that affects almost every aspect of human life, and is likely in favor of the privileged and unfavorable to the vulnerable classes, cannot be overlooked as an issue of theological concern, particularly to the contextual theological endeavors. It is however, unlike other issues such as gender oppression, racial discrimination and economic exploitation, tourism has drawn less attention as a crucial issue for theological discourse and ecumenical response. It is however, as discussed above, the impacts of commercial tourism complexly involves issues about national resources distributions, gender and ecological justice, and commodification of cultures and human right, which are all very much in the center of theological concerns and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">its responsibility</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">A Chennai Statement on the Theology of Tourism which was issued by <span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">the participants of an </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">cumenical Theological Consultation on Tourism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> organized by the Ecumenical Coalition On Tourism (ECOT), Thailand, and the National Council of Churches in India (NCCI), in Chennai, India at 2011, has the following appeals to the churches and theological colleges:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">The churches and theological colleges have not addressed tourism within the framework of theology, ethics, social analysis, and as an important missiological concern. Mass tourism thrives by marketing the sun, sea, mountains, rivers, landscapes, and nature in a way that is an affront to the creation of God, which is a gift to be shared by all. Mass tourism does not respect life, culture and environment because it has its roots in profit making, pleasure and enjoyment. Mass tourism brings destruction to God's creation and thus it is an ethical, theological and missiological concern. Tourism denies the right to live in dignity especially to the poor and the marginalized people. It exploits abuses and misuses people at the margin. It also sees environment merely from a utilitarian perspective denying its integrity and wholeness. It breeds injustice and thus contradicts the testimonies of the Bible. It has become a theological and ethical imperative to challenge and critique the present paradigm of tourism, and search for an alternative.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[11]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Impelled by the kingdom value and Gospel teachings that Jesus proclaimed and lived out through his suffering death and resurrection, Christian theology by nature has to confront with issues of redemption (justice), reconciliation (peace) and ethics in mission (missiological reflection). It is therefore, tourism activities need to be carefully observed under these three categories of Justice, Peace and their implementation..</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Redemption: theological speaking, redemption is an element of salvation to express human deliverance from sin. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia: "the word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">redemptio</i> is the Latin Vulgate rendering of Hebrew <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kopher</i> and Greek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lytron</i> which, in the Old Testament means generally a ransom-price. In the New Testament, it is the classic term designating the “great price” (I Cor. 6.20) which the Redeemer paid for our liberation."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Regardless different theological trends</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> arguments on Christian salvation</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, a ransom price that paid for one’s liberation has a religious implication to satisfy the demands of “justice”. Though is focus on traditional theological interpretation the Catholic Encyclopedia continues to explain:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Redemption presupposes the original elevation of man to a supernatural state and his downfall from it through </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">; and inasmuch as </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> calls down the wrath of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">God</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> and produces man's servitude under </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05649a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">evil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Satan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">, Redemption has reference to both </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">God</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> and man. On </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">God's</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> part, it is the acceptation of satisfactory amends whereby the Divine </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07462a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">honour</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> is repaired and the Divine wrath appeased. On man's part, it is both a deliverance from the slavery of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> and a restoration to the former </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01148a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Divine adoption</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">, and this includes the whole process of </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14336b.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">supernatural</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> life from the first reconciliation to the final </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13407a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">salvation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">. That double result, namely </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">God's</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> satisfaction and man's restoration, is brought about by </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Christ's</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> vicarious office working through satisfactory and </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10202b.htm"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">meritorious</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> actions performed in our behalf.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[13]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">In another words, elements for redemption are ransoms to satisfy a just order and relationship. It is thus proposed to a Christian social ethic of “justice” based upon “loving care” purpose. Tourism though not to be totally denied or rejected, has to be called to examination with this </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Christian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">principle</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> and concern</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> of justice. Justice about the relationship between the tourist participants and its recipients, justice about interaction between visitors and that of living creatures beside human species, and justice about resources and profits distributions related to tourism industry.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> A question about whether (or how can) a tourism activity contributes to the redemption of this value of relationships, should be asked for a theological reflection. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2. Reconciliation: according to Christian theological understanding, reconciliation is an element of salvation that refers to the results of atonement. Reconciliation is the end of the estrangement, caused by original sin, between God and humanity.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[14]</span></sup></span></sup></a> John Calvin describes reconciliation as the peace between humanity and God that results from the expiation of religious sin and the propitiation of God’s wrath.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[15]</span></sup></span></sup></a> <span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">It is thus, there is a conceptual link between the Greek word of reconciliation <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">katallage</i> (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">katallasso</i>) and the Hebrew word of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shalom</i>, which generally translated as peace.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[16]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This Hebrew word of Shalom though is roughly translated as peace to different languages, when it is translated to the Latin pax, its meaning of peace was also used to mean truce and treaty</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">, w</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">hich has its implication of personal, social and political relationship, as well denoting to a state of mind and affairs. The New Testament Greek word of peace "</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">ειρήνη</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> also means quietness and rest.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[17]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Tourism activities involved complicate interactions between people of different genders, different races, different classes, different religions, and different ethnicity and cultures, it involve also relationship between human being with rest of creatures and also with the nature earth. Whether if the tourist behaviors bring peace and rest to the earth</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"> and enhancing shalom to all these relationships are of theological tasks and concerns. A theology of tourism is to make sure this human activity is guided and directed to the reconciliation of human and divine, people to people and human with other living creatures and the nature creation.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ethics in Mission: Christian missiology is the area of discipline that concerns practical aspect of faith activities, which investigates the theory, mandate and strategies of churches and individual Christians to do Christian mission based upon their faith confession and theological understanding. Tasks of missiology thus has to do with “principles of right and wrong in behaviour: Ethical moral judgments; expressing or teaching a conception of right behaviour; conforming to a standard of right behaviour; sanctioned by or operative on one’s conscience or ethical judgment (a moral obligation}; capable of right and wrong action (a moral agent).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[18]</span></sup></span></sup></a> It’s relation to morality could thus be seen as a ‘system of moral conduct’, which presupposes not only rules and regulations of what is right and wrong, but also the underlining and implicit change of identity that occur in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the process of mission and the ethos or lifestyle that flows from that.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[19]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the process of missional endeavours from the developed world, it more than often happened that the ethical values of the developed world have been imposed on indigenous cultures.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[20]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The social values of the developed world were seen as ‘gospel’, and in the process, missionaries have not always been sensitive to the social ethics of indigenous cultures as Dana L. Robert expresses it well:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Mission at its worst ran the danger of cultural imperialism, of imposing western lifestyles and values to the destruction of indigenous ones. Critics have charged that the modern missional movement was little more than a sustained attempt to impose Euro-American culture on the peoples who came under its sway. To be sure, the missionary drama was played out on the same stage as the powerful political and economic developments of the period; missions were stained by its association </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-highlight: white;">with w</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">estern imperialism. By virtue of its global reach the movement became a primary carrier of modernity and the artifacts and institutions associated with modernity early became hallmarks of missions. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[21]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">We have indeed learned from mistakes made in the past, but also need to keep on learning and exploring new horizons on an ongoing basis. The church and Christian attitudes and mission position toward the tourism industry can be seen as a test stone to examine this hidden missiological ethics of a church, and thus, called for theological reflections and reconstructions. </span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Alternative Tourism Concerning Sustainability and Community Well Being</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt -0.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">How then, can tourism and religious pilgrimages be characterized as healthy and sustainable? A </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Proposal for alternative form of tourism has been given with respect to Christian environmental ethics which emphasis on the acknowledgement of the worth of creation, and inclusion of the environment as an aspect of the common good. The proposed potential alternative tourism is stressed on Community Based Tourism.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[22]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Community based tourism is considered comparatively fair, sustainable, and respectful of the environment through conserving resources and using energy carefully. It is owned, managed, and evaluated by the community with the purpose of enabling visitors to increase their awareness and learn about the community. This ensures interaction between tourists and the local people, and helps the visitor to discover local habitats and wildlife, and celebrate and respect traditional cultures, rituals and wisdom.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[23]</span></sup></span></sup></a> This form of tourism creates greater economic benefits for the local communities, enhances their quality of living, and builds local capacity as they engage in collaborative decision making.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">But is this form of tourism compatible to the mass commercial tourism? Here comes the tasks and responsibility of Christian mission. Tourism, as a dominant industry in today’s world, needs to be prophetically challenged to understand that the earth belongs to all, not just to the financiers of the industry, the tourists, the world’s affluent, or those who promote a kind of ‘development’ that does not benefit the poor. Christian mission has the task to provide leadership with Gospel value oriented ideas and practice.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[24]</span></sup></span></sup></a> Therefore we are in debt <span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">to foster the emergence of a virtuous cycle of local development in economic, environmental, social, cultural and ethical terms; it must participate in the preservation of local natural and cultural assets. It should not have an impact on climate change—which means using renewable energy as best and as economically as possible and avoiding polluting the atmosphere.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[25]</span></sup></span></sup></a> </span></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt -0.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Based upon this concept of sustainability and community based tourism, the UNWTO has developed a series of objectives in favor of sustainable tourism, among which the following can be underlined:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Economic viability<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Local prosperity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Employment quality<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">4) Social equity</span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">5) Visitor fulfillment </span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">6)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Local control<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">7) Community wellbeing </span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">8)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cultural richness<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">9)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Physical integrity<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">10)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resource efficiency </span></div>
<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -6.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">11)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Environmental purity <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-highlight: white;">[26]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 16.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -16.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Responses from Christian Theology and Theological Education</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The challenges of commercial tourism to the Christian mission and its Gospel ethics has suggested a responsibility for Christian theology and theological education. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Based upon the theological principle of option for poor and side with oppressed that most third world theologies are upheld, the following suggestions can be taken as basic elements for </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">theological reflection and theological curriculum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> concerning the missiology on tourism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To critically examining the tourism industry its structure and practice under the Christian value of justice that proposed by the biblical understanding of the Kingdom of God. By doing this, Churches and individual Christians have to take the position of the underside weaker parties of the society, the minority aboriginals, the displaced and marginalized women and children for their missional concern. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To pay attention to the justice of economic distributions on both the impacts to the resources allocations made by the governmental policies and the just distribution of the profits generated from this tourism industry. Critiques need to be made also on the distortion of the tourism affected by the neo-liberal globalization market system. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To explore </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">the potential</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> connection </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">of tourism </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">with</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> pilgrimage as</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> alternative tourism to stimulate an ethical engagement for mutuality, solidarity, and a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">healthy </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">human community. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">Particularly taking into consideration of the inter-faith relations.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To study on the problematic issues created by the modern commercial tourism such like: displacement created by tourism, fake advertisement for tourism industry, commodification of human relation and cultural-spiritual objects. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To critically investigate the impact of commercial tourism to the household of God, i.e., affection of ecosystem, the climate change and its undermining the eco-justice. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="normal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm -0.05pt 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">To construct a Christian understanding of missiology of tourism to advocate a community based tourism that take the structure of sin as a point of reference for evaluation of the activities of commercial tourism programs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">(End)</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">"UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. World Tourism Organization</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 1995.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://torc.linkbc.ca/torc/downs1/WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://torc.linkbc.ca/torc/downs1/WTOdefinitiontourism.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> retrieved Oct. 11 2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Tourism and Religion, Encyclopedia of Religion see: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3424503147/tourism-and-religion.html"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.encyclopedia.com/article- 1G2-3424503147 tourism-and-religion.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. retrieved at Oct. 22,2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism and Religions: A Contribution to the Dialogue Among Religions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- Summary of the Report, See: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/summary_en.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://sdt. unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/summary_en.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, p. 2, retrieved at Oct. 22,2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ibid., p. 3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lawrence O. Richards, Expository Dictionary of Bible Words (Grand Rapids Ml: Zondervan Publishing House, 1985), s.v. "alien/aliens."</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer, Jr., & Bruce Waltke, eds., Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (Two Volumes) (Chicago: Moody Press, 1980), s.v. "ger.'</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Richards, Expository Dictionary, s.v. "alien/aliens."</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Tourism and Religions: A Contribution to the Dialogue Among Religions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- Summary of the Report, ibid., p. 4</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> The American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) is for the first time in the history to set up stands in the night market of different cities of Taiwan to promote tourism to US after the announcement of this visa waiving policy.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Chennai Statement on Theology of Tourism, see:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ecumenism.net/archive/2011/03/chennai_statement_on_the_theology_of_tourism.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://ecumenism.net/archive/2011/03/chennai_statement_ on_the_theology_of_tourism.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, retrieved at Nov. 6, 2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ee Catholic Encyclopedia, entry of Redemption: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12677d.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12677d.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[13]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> ibid.,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[14]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">see Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Reconciliation: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">(theology)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, retrieved at Nov. 7,2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[15]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (II.16.2).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[16]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Wikipedia, Reconciliation, ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[17]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Wikipedia, Shalom,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> retrieved at Nov. 8, 2012.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[18]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary, (Merriam-Webster, Springfield, 2003), p. <span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;">341 see:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Mission and ethics in Galatians, http://www.ajol.info/index.php/hts/article/viewFile/70885/59842</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[19]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[20]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-highlight: white;">Nissen, J., New Testament and mission: Historical and hermeneutical perspectives, Peter Lang GMBH, Frankfurt. (2007). see mission and ethics in Galatians, ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[21]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Robert, D.L.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">American woman in mission: A social history of their thought and practice, ( Mercer University Press, Mercer.<span style="background: white; mso-highlight: white;"> 2005: 412), ibid.,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[22]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">What is community based tourism, see, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/what-is-"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.responsibletravel.com/copy/what-is-</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">community-based- tourism, retrieved at Nov. 9,2012</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[23]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[24]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Tourism and Religions: A Contribution to the Dialogue Among Religions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- Summary of the Report,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, ibid., pp 5-6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[25]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">ibid.,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5787186213273431104#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[26]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> quoted from Tourism and Religions: A Contribution to the Dialogue Among Religions,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- Summary of the Report, ibid., p. 5-6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-4511648965904637872012-11-12T08:55:00.002+08:002012-11-14T14:30:03.094+08:00PTCA Series no. 4<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Though has suspended the JTCA Journal, with the hard works of Dr. Wati Longchar, our PTCA Colleague, the PTCA Series has been succesfully piling up all the important books to continue PTCA's contributions to Asian Theological Movement. Here is the new one from Dr. Wati Longchar -- Po Ho (Dean of PTCA)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9duYCMoRxuOBf1RHbSH0q6_lgqenAAU0LbuOm6lu6qtoNfOgoK70PTbtSPOzQsBJRJL4X8YCFpb8TmTT4AKzCkUBZEEcywAfGIVTG5OQM3sW8fTgB4rPbNPDWqGok7PtfRHs3Sn8m7sLn/s1600/wati+book.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9duYCMoRxuOBf1RHbSH0q6_lgqenAAU0LbuOm6lu6qtoNfOgoK70PTbtSPOzQsBJRJL4X8YCFpb8TmTT4AKzCkUBZEEcywAfGIVTG5OQM3sW8fTgB4rPbNPDWqGok7PtfRHs3Sn8m7sLn/s320/wati+book.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-81125123732753760332012-09-06T15:26:00.001+08:002012-09-06T15:27:53.061+08:00PTCA International Theology Symposium<span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-small;"><em>For Chang Jung Christian University and Serampore University</em></span><br />
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<strong>Theme:</strong> Commercial Tourism and Marginal Communities: Missiological and Theological Challenges<br />
<strong>Date:</strong> 6-8 December, 2012 at SCEPTRE, Kolkata (Arrival 5th Dec, Dep. 8 Dec after dinner)<br />
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<strong>Objectives</strong><br />
a) Uncover the interconnection between environmental degradation through massive commercial tourism with <br />
b) Unmask the interconnection between commercial tourism and its impact marginal communities such as women, children and indigenous communities<br />
c) Evolve a prophetic missiological and theological education response on the issue<br />
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Activities: It will be a theological symposium – all the participants will be required to present a paper or make a panel presentation centered on the proposed theme with the view to evolve a missiological and theological response.<br />
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<strong>Background and rationale: </strong><br />
Our environment, worship places, sacred groves and shrines are being desecrated by profit, pleasure and enjoyment seeking tourism. In the name of eco-tourism, sacred music and dances are now turned into cabaret performances. Women and children are reduced to flesh market, nature to mere scenic object, beaches to mere sun-bath, culture to performance. The development of ecotourism is further causing wide-scale eviction of indigenous people from their ancestral lands leading to breakdown of traditional values, wisdom and identity. Today the continuity of indigenous people and other marginal communities and their spirituality, cultural and traditional way of life is at risk. The indigenous communities who continue to depend on the forest resources have much wisdom and resources to protect planet earth and just-tourism. Thus it is a missiological and theological challenge. It is imperative that the churches and theological fraternity make a critical prophetic stand on this issue.<br />
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<strong>Goals and objectives, including expected outcomes</strong>.<br />
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- To challenge and critique the nexus between the present profit-oriented paradigm of development, climate-justice and survival of marginalized communities;<br />
- To help scholars and church leaders identity new forms of violence against indigenous people, women, children carried out by neo-liberal globalization and tourism industries;<br />
- To rediscover new paradigm of God-world-human relationship based indigenous cultural traditions and wisdom;<br />
- To conscientious church leaders and theological educators on the nexus of environment, marginalized communities and commercial tourism with knowledge, skills and action ground on justice; and<br />
- To provide a new missiological and theological perspective to global churches and ecumenism.<br />
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<strong>Coordinators:</strong><br />
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Dr. Huang Poho<br />
Dr. Solomon Rongpi<br />
Dr. Wati Longchar<br />
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<strong></strong>PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-45423524911471695902012-08-31T00:40:00.001+08:002012-08-31T00:42:28.157+08:00Partner Institute -- PERSETIA<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">PERSETIA -- Association for Theological Education in Indonesia</span></strong></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZqddnVHpcLicTASdNcoPOAeWvMLYpAyckem7sfqH1xEbVVhd4zfBchRTpVfc0a5dvnYT96evzn4yHQQSgkEAKnVl62yhub1OJWw-4JvwNsI9fbhyu1qfBNRx_p4l61uzzFPNmuQOPrAC/s1600/DSCN1016%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZqddnVHpcLicTASdNcoPOAeWvMLYpAyckem7sfqH1xEbVVhd4zfBchRTpVfc0a5dvnYT96evzn4yHQQSgkEAKnVl62yhub1OJWw-4JvwNsI9fbhyu1qfBNRx_p4l61uzzFPNmuQOPrAC/s320/DSCN1016%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sign MOU with Dr. Robert Setio, President of PERSETIA<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGzEQ8uiI3J5IXnxrxJhShZf7S7jbMHRxC-kC-NZgRnDgUcpGjWhDUG1NrZ045_OcbeOWMT-Q0KKBb-e2iioaJhdXc1ZSkoygZDmRZzPL-iioeF0EJL3kH3NRX_D3dEY8TdUrN4KZTztQi/s1600/DSCN1019%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGzEQ8uiI3J5IXnxrxJhShZf7S7jbMHRxC-kC-NZgRnDgUcpGjWhDUG1NrZ045_OcbeOWMT-Q0KKBb-e2iioaJhdXc1ZSkoygZDmRZzPL-iioeF0EJL3kH3NRX_D3dEY8TdUrN4KZTztQi/s320/DSCN1019%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Witnessed by Drs. Wati Longchar, Lal Tin Hre and H. Ongirwalu<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BJp58WDyuJgitzch4k8Bt67QmcJY7wVO7R54-5CNU-OX6fIUuueBwFxQrvngKUgjth2VRokyqpOGBU7CMi6smKH0sae6LtjkbhJT8WcXld26dtntQ0Tn20piLH2zoRLI0wQzZ8Nmuz9F/s1600/DSCN1022%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BJp58WDyuJgitzch4k8Bt67QmcJY7wVO7R54-5CNU-OX6fIUuueBwFxQrvngKUgjth2VRokyqpOGBU7CMi6smKH0sae6LtjkbhJT8WcXld26dtntQ0Tn20piLH2zoRLI0wQzZ8Nmuz9F/s320/DSCN1022%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFnN2vgRX5eI_N6_udQq8vCALMRdBywU91mwHvcQNFvI7MSkjVih9EQawZvGs4DpkYstCFDa3moDvmb7YFoGIcShv5J_El9C7H442Z_vGsGwwOp1U-9rkg8bb4MCtFRn_xmE4K9EcCAEBX/s1600/DSCN1023%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFnN2vgRX5eI_N6_udQq8vCALMRdBywU91mwHvcQNFvI7MSkjVih9EQawZvGs4DpkYstCFDa3moDvmb7YFoGIcShv5J_El9C7H442Z_vGsGwwOp1U-9rkg8bb4MCtFRn_xmE4K9EcCAEBX/s320/DSCN1023%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-28531078202201191572012-08-31T00:04:00.000+08:002012-08-31T00:28:59.395+08:00PTCA Partner Institute - ATEM<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<strong><span style="font-size: large;">ATEM - Association of Theological Education in Myanmar</span></strong></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9I-33D2ATKQBzrJvvPThCBaXNrM7ulZZE03odZaK7nNgc9LU3aDgQay4JHOqgSxeKrDfTobWn0shVAxoQXoIEmpLNAuxIA5jhdqpu82ZeVuz4ZhnywFHm1SLOBIVSIEkAz2nf2No712J0/s1600/DSCN1025%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9I-33D2ATKQBzrJvvPThCBaXNrM7ulZZE03odZaK7nNgc9LU3aDgQay4JHOqgSxeKrDfTobWn0shVAxoQXoIEmpLNAuxIA5jhdqpu82ZeVuz4ZhnywFHm1SLOBIVSIEkAz2nf2No712J0/s320/DSCN1025%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Signing MOU with Dr. Lal Tin Hre, General Secretary of ATEM</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9w-u7YeWxVmTxWuYh2xg0j8lAB7yhen_t1scU-julxqXD8bskUZo53qpFl9G2IouUGk3dv_ggbW7LwlmCDAH2crfuBfGeXL_Hd6u9DCxTj_c_Ns1d5z_peDy83Pb2jL_dr23wVhyphenhyphen2wdu/s1600/DSCN1027%5B1%5D.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW9w-u7YeWxVmTxWuYh2xg0j8lAB7yhen_t1scU-julxqXD8bskUZo53qpFl9G2IouUGk3dv_ggbW7LwlmCDAH2crfuBfGeXL_Hd6u9DCxTj_c_Ns1d5z_peDy83Pb2jL_dr23wVhyphenhyphen2wdu/s320/DSCN1027%5B1%5D.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Wati Longchar witnessed the process<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzButvJFZFy0OSRnwlbS1FcCk_ak1_JeK1EDaWsMfMSVv3V7qEqskt6iklyWo4x4NUKfyETlEut-MxzJsYE8dfZavMGDG9HSOKqTBM_ylko78Cq-SwntS-IRC_U_jshVSrZsDAXxG6Lkp-/s1600/ATEM+-+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzButvJFZFy0OSRnwlbS1FcCk_ak1_JeK1EDaWsMfMSVv3V7qEqskt6iklyWo4x4NUKfyETlEut-MxzJsYE8dfZavMGDG9HSOKqTBM_ylko78Cq-SwntS-IRC_U_jshVSrZsDAXxG6Lkp-/s400/ATEM+-+1.jpg" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Text of MOU signed with ATEM</td></tr>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-87685194953190639072012-08-09T19:10:00.000+08:002012-08-09T19:21:42.465+08:00Training To Be Ministers in Asia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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PTCA Publication (series No. 3)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjanoWTEgEUduMld4GAHeGrTk5BJcBEddV7Kpb3APg7z-ZtEG1GH8vsUFlrlFNuDy9GDLWvukn7toF_RNG54Btp3R9NFc9Dl_D482AtGe_nryVeDu7CANYGeQqXK7_9NDWdxHbT4cnLBFvk/s1600/ptca.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" kda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjanoWTEgEUduMld4GAHeGrTk5BJcBEddV7Kpb3APg7z-ZtEG1GH8vsUFlrlFNuDy9GDLWvukn7toF_RNG54Btp3R9NFc9Dl_D482AtGe_nryVeDu7CANYGeQqXK7_9NDWdxHbT4cnLBFvk/s400/ptca.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-23693709556493664052012-08-09T11:47:00.000+08:002012-08-31T00:54:18.233+08:00Partner Institute -- Hanshin University <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> 1. Hanshin University Graduate School of Theology</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vvjBa1bXcsmnumIbFjoXr42HqqGX4jVOfTgDI-wSoFfG_p1IFfPDRTs0URGIGwueLihDj8MXYxi7K178vaQwfLZPLV2dAMcYUUpytC6zH3-tmw2zV-1vC8ZnZspID8f9By_CkGl2Py93/s1600/DSCN0782.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" kda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vvjBa1bXcsmnumIbFjoXr42HqqGX4jVOfTgDI-wSoFfG_p1IFfPDRTs0URGIGwueLihDj8MXYxi7K178vaQwfLZPLV2dAMcYUUpytC6zH3-tmw2zV-1vC8ZnZspID8f9By_CkGl2Py93/s400/DSCN0782.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sign MOU with Prof. Kang, Dean of Hanshin Graduate School of Theology</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg71imicNxQ3okYScd-X8IST39rY2We-clmPco-Gni5MCN__Fx5HwQiXV9Tgcbmvis8hOwSmnYgh-fKMExiDOz69MzjP8EFpk1RADzP2YHpTp6jRBVWp2oM_YoLvmXMUAtSTZ_StXPsdMMk/s1600/DSCN0784.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" kda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg71imicNxQ3okYScd-X8IST39rY2We-clmPco-Gni5MCN__Fx5HwQiXV9Tgcbmvis8hOwSmnYgh-fKMExiDOz69MzjP8EFpk1RADzP2YHpTp6jRBVWp2oM_YoLvmXMUAtSTZ_StXPsdMMk/s400/DSCN0784.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">with Prof. Kang and Yeong Mee after the MOU signed</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjqCxHEe9memfUUuitv2G3YIZWP91rXVZv3XjYWofbZYfa4xYL9F74KY3yz6bouekG404Zts286tiZIUE28hQslEHy1VFGpRqfEtc-KHgEhfVkl1iax76iBM4YxuNNZZVI6n1CbKTmLVR/s1600/DSCN0787.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" kda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhjqCxHEe9memfUUuitv2G3YIZWP91rXVZv3XjYWofbZYfa4xYL9F74KY3yz6bouekG404Zts286tiZIUE28hQslEHy1VFGpRqfEtc-KHgEhfVkl1iax76iBM4YxuNNZZVI6n1CbKTmLVR/s400/DSCN0787.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">in Hanshin Chapel</td></tr>
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PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-68434552130901508682012-07-20T12:44:00.000+08:002012-08-30T12:45:11.913+08:00PTCA Publications<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2Z3M-F3X0iHyFeCOv_lWeo5YXckyycMu9jv8tMy690iQoqB0U6_YKsB_H5ErnVK9UXngBAGpYTZXW7htxFW4f9pjuof__xW1XHRe4HHgkhPkLEb6KHzis6KGGAmFsZcxOsnDfsx5GkyJ/s1600/PTCA+Series+No.+2+book+cover+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2Z3M-F3X0iHyFeCOv_lWeo5YXckyycMu9jv8tMy690iQoqB0U6_YKsB_H5ErnVK9UXngBAGpYTZXW7htxFW4f9pjuof__xW1XHRe4HHgkhPkLEb6KHzis6KGGAmFsZcxOsnDfsx5GkyJ/s320/PTCA+Series+No.+2+book+cover+(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theological Education in World Christianity<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theology of Subject</td></tr>
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<br />PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5787186213273431104.post-38417520970245473422012-03-07T22:28:00.000+08:002012-03-07T22:29:40.476+08:00MOU form for PTCA Partner Institutes<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PARTNERSHIP </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FOR <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“PTCA PARTNER I</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">NSTITUTE</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span><br />
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</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO;">The
Programme of Theology and Cultures in Asia (PTCA) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>__________________________<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hereby
agree to sign </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">this Memorandum Of Understanding as </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“PTCA Partner Institute”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to promote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Doing Theology with Asian Resources </i>through the following joint
initiatives:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The partner institute be permitted to use of </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PTCA</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> logo and theological trend for the purpose of advertisement.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PTCA</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> agrees to inform to partner institute all the PTCA
activities and receive its publications.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The partner institutes of </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PTCA</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> commit itself to host local (national) theological
seminar/workshop annually or occasionally according to their circumstance but
at least once in three years. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">PTCA agrees to provide models workshop and send consultants/personnel
to participate in the programme.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The national theological seminar/workshop can be conducted
either in local language or English can be published using PTCA logo and ISSN
number by partner institute.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The partner institutes agree to host PTCA
lectureship from time to time. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">By request, PTCA agrees to fund the travel expenses
for the scholar/professor and the host takes care of the local expenses.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The partner institutes agree to collaborate in promoting younger
theologians and Asian theology with ecumenical commitment and passion.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Termination<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Either party involved may rescind
the Partnership Agreement, notifying the other part at least 90 days before the
suspension. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Resolution of Problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Any question, problem, or conflict
related to the application or interpretation of this “PTCA Partner Institute” will
be subject to direct negotiation, through written contact, with the intention
of reaching an amicable solution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Being in accord with this document
of “PTCA Partner Institute”, the below signed, being legal representatives of
the institutions involved, and presenting four copies, two in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO;">English</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> affirm and agree to the contents
and intentions of this document.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Signature:<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Signature:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Dean, PTCA<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>__________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Official
Seal<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Official Seal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Date______<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Date ______<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">
</span>PTCAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07378067063213346783noreply@blogger.com0